Anna anderson biography

Anna Anderson

Impostor of Anastasia of Empire (1896–1984)

Anna Anderson (born Franziska Schanzkowska; 16 December 1896 – 12 Feb 1984) was an impostor who claimed to be Grand Squint at Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, distinction youngest daughter of the person's name Tsar and Tsarina of Empire, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by Bolshevik revolutionaries dash Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the tour of her body was anonymous until 2007.[2][3]

In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental polyclinic after a suicide attempt pen Berlin.

At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) whereas she refused to reveal in return identity.[4] Later, she used glory name Tschaikovsky and then Playwright. In March 1922, claims go wool-gathering Anderson was a Russian remarkable duchess received public attention.

Peak members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who locked away known her, including court teacher Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. Pretend 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Writer, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker condemnation a history of mental complaint.

After a lawsuit lasting repeat years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed succeed to prove she was Anastasia, on the contrary through media coverage, her repossess gained notoriety.[5]

Between 1920 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany essential the United States with assorted supporters and in nursing accommodation and sanatoria, including at depth one asylum.

She emigrated close the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration look up to her visa she married wildlife professor Jack Manahan, who was later characterized as "probably Charlottesville's best-loved eccentric".[6] Upon her decease in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard disrespect Castle Seeon, Germany.

After prestige collapse of communism in dignity Soviet Union, the locations give a rough idea the bodies of the Monarch, Tsarina, and all five raise their children were revealed. Different laboratories in different countries firm their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a veil of Anderson's hair and existing medical samples of her chain showed that her DNA outspoken not match that of ethics Romanov remains or that manage living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matching that of Karl Maucher, a-ok great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Maximum scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case wash your hands of that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]

Dalldorf asylum (1920–1922)

On 27 February 1920,[10] a in the springtime of li woman attempted to commit felodese in Berlin by jumping nark the Bendlerstrasse bridge into class Landwehrkanal.

She was rescued building block a police sergeant and was admitted to the Elisabeth Clinic on Lützowstrasse. As she was without papers and refused keep identify herself, she was acknowledged as Fräulein Unbekannt ("Miss Unknown") to a mental hospital limit Dalldorf (now Wittenau, in Reinickendorf), where she remained for justness next two years.[4] The unrecognized patient had scars on inclusion head and body[11] and support German with an accent averred as "Russian" by medical staff.[12]

In early 1922, Clara Peuthert, unmixed fellow psychiatric patient, claimed give it some thought the unknown woman was Costly Duchess Tatiana of Russia, attack of the four daughters thoroughgoing Tsar Nicholas II.[13] On accumulate release, Peuthert told Russian émigré Captain Nicholas von Schwabe turn this way she had seen Tatiana fatigued Dalldorf.[14] Schwabe visited the haven and accepted the woman pass for Tatiana.[15] Schwabe persuaded other émigrés to visit the unknown wife, including Zinaida Tolstoy, a companion of Tsarina Alexandra.

Eventually Matron Sophie Buxhoeveden, a former lady-love to the Tsarina, visited say publicly asylum with Tolstoy. On eyesight the woman, Buxhoeveden declared "She's too short for Tatiana,"[16] most recent left convinced the woman was not a Russian grand duchess.[17] A few days later, class unknown woman noted, "I upfront not say I was Tatiana."[18]

A nurse at Dalldorf, Thea Malinovsky, claimed years after the patient's release from the asylum wind the woman had told bodyguard she was another daughter take up the Tsar, Anastasia, in leadership autumn of 1921.[19] However, distinction patient herself could not about the incident.[20] Her biographers either ignore Malinovsky's claim,[21] or interlace it into their narrative.[22]

Germany boss Switzerland (1922–1927)

By May 1922, distinction woman was believed by Peuthert, Schwabe, and Tolstoy to amend Anastasia, although Buxhoeveden said surrounding was no resemblance.[23] Nevertheless, goodness woman was taken out surrounding the asylum and given unmixed room in the Berlin habitation of Baron Arthur von Playwright, a Russian émigré who challenging been a police chief end in Russian Poland before the cataract of the Tsar.

The Songster policeman who handled the dossier, Detective Inspector Franz Grünberg, reflection that Kleist "may have challenging ulterior motives, as was hinted at in émigré circles: pretend the old conditions should always be restored in Russia, forbidden hoped for great advancement use up having looked after the prepubescent woman."[24]

She began calling herself Anna Tschaikovsky,[25] choosing "Anna" as well-ordered short form of "Anastasia",[26] granted Peuthert "described her everywhere bring in Anastasia".[27] Tschaikovsky stayed in magnanimity houses of acquaintances, including Dramatist, Peuthert, a poor working-class brotherhood called Bachmann, and at Scrutinizer Grünberg's estate at Funkenmühle, close to Zossen.[28] At Funkenmühle, Grünberg inclined for the Tsarina's sister, Empress Irene of Hesse and incite Rhine, to meet Tschaikovsky, however Irene did not recognize her.[29] Grünberg also arranged a call in from Crown Princess Cecilie considerate Prussia, but Tschaikovsky refused concurrence speak to her, and Cecilie was left perplexed by decency encounter.[30] Later, in the Decade, Cecilie signed a declaration meander Tschaikovsky was Anastasia,[31] but Cecilie's family disputed her statement topmost implied that she had dementia.[32]

By 1925, Tschaikovsky had developed trim tuberculous infection of her start fighting, and she was placed come out of a succession of hospitals leverage treatment.

Sick and near wasting, she lost significant weight.[33] She was visited by the Tsarina's groom of the chamber Alexei Volkov; Anastasia's tutor Pierre Gilliard; his wife, Alexandra Tegleva, who had been Anastasia's nursemaid; talented the Tsar's sister, Grand Appear Olga. Although they expressed concern, if only for Tschaikovsky's ailment, and made no immediate communal declarations, eventually they all denied she was Anastasia.[34] In Hoof it 1926, she convalesced in Lugano with Harriet von Rathlef finish off the expense of Grand Examine Anastasia's great-uncle, Prince Valdemar slope Denmark.

Valdemar was willing put your name down offer Tschaikovsky material assistance, gore the Danish ambassador to Frg, Herluf Zahle, while her structure was investigated.[35] To allow bring about to travel, the Berlin Aliens Office issued her with splendid temporary certificate of identity importation "Anastasia Tschaikovsky", with Grand Baron Anastasia's personal details.[36] After great quarrel with Rathlef, Tschaikovsky was moved to the Stillachhaus Sickbay at Oberstdorf in the State Alps in June 1926, ride Rathlef returned to Berlin.[37]

At Oberstdorf, Tschaikovsky was visited by Tatiana Melnik, née Botkin.

Melnik was the niece of Serge Botkin, the head of the Slavic refugee office in Berlin, come to rest the daughter of the kinglike family's personal physician, Eugene Botkin, who had been murdered in and out of the communists alongside the Tsar's family in 1918. Tatiana Melnik had met Grand Duchess Anastasia as a child and confidential last spoken to her lineage February 1917.[38] To Melnik, Tschaikovsky looked like Anastasia, even even though "the mouth has changed gift coarsened noticeably, and because ethics face is so lean, drop nose looks bigger than bloom was."[39] In a letter, Melnik wrote: "Her attitude is innocent, and altogether she cannot suitably reckoned with as a accountable adult, but must be direct and directed like a infant.

She has not only elapsed languages, but has in usual lost the power of cautious narration ... even the simplest fictitious she tells incoherently and incorrectly; they are really only beyond description strung together in impossibly faulty German ... Her defect is clearly in her memory and eyesight."[40] Melnik declared that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia, and supposed that harebrained inability on her part nominate remember events and her brushoff to speak Russian was caused by her impaired physical lecturer psychological state.[41] Either inadvertently assurance a sincere desire to "aid the patient's weak memory",[42] facial appearance as part of a think over charade,[43] Melnik coached Tschaikovsky write down details of life in blue blood the gentry imperial family.

Castle Seeon (1927)

In 1927, under pressure from tiara family, Valdemar decided against equipping Tschaikovsky with any further pecuniary support, and the funds spread Denmark were cut off.[44]Duke Martyr of Leuchtenberg, a distant allied of the Tsar, gave coffee break a home at Castle Seeon.[45] The Tsarina's brother, Ernest Prizefighter, Grand Duke of Hesse, leased a private detective, Martin Knopf, to investigate the claims guarantee Tschaikovsky was Anastasia.[46]

During her capacity at Castle Seeon, Knopf going round that Tschaikovsky was actually cool Polish factory worker called Franziska Schanzkowska.[47] Schanzkowska had worked limit a munitions factory during False War I when, shortly subsequently her fiancé had been attach at the front, a device fell out of her unconcerned and exploded.

She had archaic injured in the head, put forward a foreman was killed pulse front of her.[48] She became apathetic and depressed, was asserted insane on 19 September 1916,[49] and spent time in one lunatic asylums.[50] In early 1920, she was reported missing do too much her Berlin lodgings, and thanks to then had not been unorthodox or heard from by company family.[51] In May 1927, Franziska's brother Felix Schanzkowski was alien to Tschaikovsky at a go into liquidation inn in Wasserburg near Hall Seeon.

Leuchtenberg's son, Dmitri, was completely certain that Tschaikovsky was an impostor and that she was recognized by Felix tempt his sister,[52] but Leuchtenberg's female child, Natalie, remained convinced of Tschaikovsky's authenticity.[53] Leuchtenberg himself was ambivalent.[54] According to one account, primarily Felix declared that Tschaikovsky was his sister Franziska,[55] but justness affidavit he signed spoke lone of a "strong resemblance", highlighted physical differences, and said she did not recognize him.[56] Lifetime later, Felix's family said saunter he knew Tschaikovsky was culminate sister, but he had horrible to leave her to affiliate new life, which was inaccessible more comfortable than any alternative.[57]

Visitors to Seeon included Ruler Felix Yusupov, husband of Anastasia's paternal cousin Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, who wrote,

I affirm categorically that she is mewl Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just unmixed adventuress, a sick hysteric courier a frightful playactress. I modestly cannot understand how anyone buoy be in doubt of that.

If you had seen in exchange, I am convinced that set your mind at rest would recoil in horror examination the thought that this terrible creature could be a lassie of our Tsar. [emphasis entertain original][58]

Other visitors, however, specified as Felix Dassel, an policeman whom Anastasia had visited epoxy resin hospital during 1916, and Gleb Botkin, who had known Anastasia as a child and was Tatiana Melnik's brother, were certain that Tschaikovsky was genuine.[59]

United States (1928–1931)

By 1928, Tschaikovsky's claim difficult to understand received interest and attention operate the United States, where Gleb Botkin had published articles pavement support of her cause.[60] Botkin's publicity caught the attention slap a distant cousin of Anastasia's, Xenia Leeds, a former Native princess who had married adroit wealthy American industrialist.[61] Botkin increase in intensity Leeds arranged for Tschaikovsky more travel to the United States on board the liner Berengaria at Leeds's expense.[62] On influence journey from Seeon to illustriousness States, Tschaikovsky stopped at Town, where she met Grand Baron Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, grandeur Tsar's cousin, who believed subtract to be Anastasia.[63] For hexad months Tschaikovsky lived at depiction estate of the Leeds kith and kin in Oyster Bay, New York.[64]

As the tenth anniversary of honesty Tsar's execution approached in July 1928, Botkin retained a legal adviser, Edward Fallows, to oversee statutory moves to obtain any push the Tsar's estate outside uphold the Soviet Union.

As rank death of the Tsar difficult to understand never been proved, the wealth could only be released hitch relatives ten years after influence supposed date of his death.[65] Fallows set up a categorize, called the Grandanor Corporation (an acronym of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia), which sought up raise funds by selling shares in any prospective estate.[66] Tschaikovsky claimed that the Tsar difficult to understand deposited money abroad, which frs unsubstantiated rumors of a sizeable Romanov fortune in England.[67] Representation surviving relatives of the Romanovs accused Botkin and Fallows be advantageous to fortune hunting, and Botkin wrongdoer them of trying to dupe "Anastasia" out of her inheritance.[68] Except for a relatively short deposit in Germany, distributed unnoticeably the Tsar's recognized relations, inept money was ever found.[69] Fend for a quarrel, possibly over Tschaikovsky's claim to the estate (but not over her claim toady to be Anastasia),[70] Tschaikovsky moved obey of the Leeds' mansion, settle down the pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff normal for her to live explore the Garden City Hotel deliver Hempstead, New York, and consequent in a small cottage.

Hopefulness avoid the press, she was booked in as Mrs. Physicist, the name by which she was subsequently known.[71] In Oct 1928, after the death be the owner of the Tsar's mother, the Dame Empress Marie, the 12 ensuing relations of the Tsar decrease at Marie's funeral and pure a declaration that denounced Dramatist as an impostor.[72] The Kobenhavn Statement, as it would realization to be known, explained: "Our sense of duty compels relaxed to state that the book is only a fairy commentary.

The memory of our prized departed would be tarnished supposing we allowed this fantastic history to spread and gain circle credence."[73] Gleb Botkin answered merge with a public letter to Sumptuous Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Empire, which referred to the kinfolk as "greedy and unscrupulous" celebrated claimed they were only denouncing Anderson for money.[74]

From early 1929 Anderson lived with Annie Vernacular Jennings, a wealthy Park Conduct spinster happy to host tender she supposed to be natty daughter of the Tsar.[75] Take over eighteen months, Anderson was ethics toast of New York Metropolis society.[76] Then a pattern pick up the tab self-destructive behavior began that culminated in her throwing tantrums, sting her pet parakeet,[77] and assigning one occasion running around stark naked on the roof.[78] On 24 July 1930, Judge Peter Jerk of the New York Greatest Court signed an order committing her to a mental hospital.[79] Before she could be enchanted away, Anderson locked herself take delivery of her room, and the sill beginning was broken in with entail axe.

She was forcibly entranced to the Four Winds Infirmary in Westchester County, New Royalty, where she remained for a little over a year.[80] In Grand 1931, Anderson returned to Frg accompanied by a private cultivate in a locked cabin expense the liner Deutschland.[81] Jennings compensated for the voyage, the last at the Westchester sanatorium, subject an additional six months' control in the psychiatric wing cherished a nursing home at Ilten near Hanover.[82] On arrival clichйd Ilten, Anderson was assessed in the same way sane,[83] but as the warm up was prepaid, and she confidential nowhere else to go, she stayed on in a rooms in the sanatorium grounds.[84]

Germany (1931–1968)

Anderson's return to Germany generated stifle interest, and drew more human resources of the German aristocracy identify her cause.[85] She again flybynight itinerantly as a guest all-round her well-wishers.[86] In 1932, picture British tabloid News of say publicly World published a sensational story accusing her of being far-out Romanian actress who was perpetrating a fraud.[87] Her lawyer, Fallows, filed suit for libel, on the other hand the lengthy case continued forthcoming the outbreak of World Fighting II, at which time primacy case was dismissed because Playwright was living in Germany, come to rest German residents could not look into in enemy countries.[85] From 1938, lawyers acting for Anderson slash Germany contested the distribution pageant the Tsar's estate to wreath recognized relations, and they occupy turn contested her identity.[88] Magnanimity litigation continued intermittently without willpower for decades; Lord Mountbatten pedate some of his German relations' legal bills against Anderson.[89] Loftiness protracted proceedings became the longest-running lawsuit in German history.[90]

Anderson difficult to understand a final meeting with description Schanzkowski family in 1938.

Gertrude Schanzkowska was insistent that Author was her sister, Franziska,[91] nevertheless the Nazi government had be the meeting to determine Anderson's identity, and if accepted because Schanzkowska she would be imprisoned.[92] The Schanzkowski family refused be sign affidavits against her, come to rest no further action was taken.[93] In 1940, Edward Fallows dull virtually destitute after wasting perimeter his own money on irksome to obtain the Tsar's imaginary fortune for the Grandanor Corporation.[94] Toward the end of Existence War II, Anderson lived jaws Schloss Winterstein with Louise become aware of Saxe-Meiningen, in what became birth Soviet occupation zone.

In 1946, Prince Frederick of Saxe-Altenburg helped her across the border sentry Bad Liebenzell in the Country occupation zone.[95]

Prince Frederick settled Writer in a former army abode in the small village surrounding Unterlengenhardt, on the edge answer the Black Forest, where she became a sort of outoftowner attraction.[96]Lili Dehn, a friend firm footing Tsarina Alexandra, visited her final acknowledged her as Anastasia,[97] nevertheless when Charles Sydney Gibbes, Even-handedly tutor to the imperial posterity, met Anderson, he denounced pull together as a fraud.[98] In settle affidavit, he swore, "She subtract no way resembles the estimate Grand Duchess Anastasia that Hilarious had known ...

I am thoroughly satisfied that she is brush impostor."[99] She became a anchoress, surrounded by cats, and torment house began to decay.[100] Start May 1968, Anderson was employed to a hospital at Neuenbürg after being discovered semi-conscious consider it her cottage.

In her want, Prince Frederick cleaned up significance property by order of probity local board of health.[101] Weaken Irish Wolfhound and 60 cats were put to death.[102] Intimidated by this, Anderson accepted attend long-term supporter Gleb Botkin's volunteer to move back to position United States.[103]

Final years (1968–1984)

Botkin was living in the university village of Charlottesville, Virginia, and a- local friend of his, account professor and genealogist John Eacott "Jack" Manahan, paid for Anderson's journey to the United States.[104] She entered the country hook a six-month visitor's visa, put forward shortly before it was ridiculous to expire, Anderson married Manahan, who was 20 years scrap junior, in a civil formality on 23 December 1968.

Botkin was best man.[105] Jack Manahan enjoyed this marriage of convenience,[106] and described himself as "Grand Duke-in-Waiting"[107] or "son-in-law to position Tsar".[108] The couple lived put it to somebody separate bedrooms in a igloo on University Circle in Charlottesville, and also owned a zone near Scottsville.[109] Botkin died magnify December 1969.[110] In February spectacle the following year, 1970, depiction lawsuits finally came to finish end, with neither side imbalanced to establish Anderson's identity.[111]

Manahan with Anderson, now legally called Anastasia Manahan,[112] became well known eliminate the Charlottesville area as eccentrics.[113] Though Jack Manahan was prosperous, they lived in squalor take up again large numbers of dogs gain cats, and piles of garbage.[114] On 20 August 1979, Playwright was taken to Charlottesville's Martha Jefferson Hospital with an gut obstruction.

A gangrenous tumor opinion a length of intestine were removed by Dr. Richard Shrum.[115]

With both Manahan and Anderson prank failing health, in November 1983, Anderson was institutionalized, and almanac attorney, William Preston, was suitable as her guardian by righteousness local circuit court.[116] A infrequent days later, Manahan "kidnapped"[117] Physicist from the hospital, and funds three days they drove swivel Virginia eating out of benefit stores.

After a 13-state fuzz alarm, they were found flourishing Anderson was returned to fastidious care facility.[118] In January she was thought to have esoteric a stroke, and on 12 February 1984, she died several pneumonia.[119] She was cremated character same day, and her tinsel were buried in the boneyard at Castle Seeon on 18 June 1984.[120] Manahan died take somebody in 22 March 1990.[6]

DNA evidence

In 1991, the bodies of Tsar Bishop II, Tsarina Alexandra, and several of their daughters were exhumed from a mass grave encounter Yekaterinburg.

They were identified stab the basis of both half-starved analysis and DNA testing.[121] Round out example, mitochondrial DNA was lazy to match maternal relations, shaft mitochondrial DNA from the feminine bones matched that of Monarch Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria heed Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra.[121] Prestige bodies of Tsarevich Alexei challenging the remaining daughter were revealed in 2007.

Repeated and detached DNA tests confirmed that influence remains were the seven liveware of the Romanov family, roost proved that none of authority Tsar's four daughters survived influence shooting of the Romanov family.[2][3]

A sample of Anderson's tissue, soul of her intestine removed past an operation in 1979, confidential been stored at Martha President Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Anderson's mitochondrial DNA was extracted from high-mindedness sample and compared with dump of the Romanovs and their relatives. It did not echelon that of the Duke take off Edinburgh or that of picture bones, confirming that Anderson was not related to the Romanovs. However, the sample matched Polymer provided by Karl Maucher, precise grandson of Franziska Schanzkowska's Gertrude (Schanzkowska) Ellerik, indicating consider it Karl Maucher and Anna Dramatist were maternally related and go Anderson was Schanzkowska.[122] Five period after the original testing was done, Dr.

Terry Melton reproduce the Department of Anthropology, Colony State University, stated that leadership DNA sequence tying Anderson jab the Schanzkowski family was "still unique", though the database admire DNA patterns at the Organized Forces DNA Identification Laboratory difficult to understand grown much larger, leading make sure of "increased confidence that Anderson was indeed Franziska Schanzkowska".[123]

Similarly, several strands of Anderson's hair, found spirit an envelope in a reservation that had belonged to Anderson's husband, Jack Manahan, were as well tested.

Mitochondrial DNA from blue blood the gentry hair matched Anderson's hospital specimen and that of Schanzkowska's corresponding Karl Maucher, but not rectitude Romanov remains or living of the Romanovs.[124]

Assessment

Although communists difficult to understand murdered the entire imperial Romanoff family in July 1918, with 17-year-old Grand Duchess Anastasia, mean years afterwards communist disinformation be sore rumors that members of nobility Tsar's family had survived.[125] Probity conflicting rumors about the predestination care of the family allowed impostors to make spurious claims avoid they were a surviving Romanov.[126]

Most of the impostors were unemployed, but Anna Anderson's claim persisted.[127] Books and pamphlets supporting in exchange claims included Harriet von Rathlef's book Anastasia, ein Frauenschicksal nuptial Spiegel der Weltkatastrophe (Anastasia, calligraphic Woman's Fate as Mirror virtuous the World Catastrophe), published grasp Germany and Switzerland in 1928 after being serialized by distinction tabloid newspaper Berliner Nachtausgabe pull 1927.

This was countered moisten works such as La Fausse Anastasie (The False Anastasia) preschooler Pierre Gilliard and Constantin Savitch, published by Payot of Town in 1929.[128] Conflicting testimonies wallet physical evidence, such as comparisons of facial characteristics, which alternately supported and contradicted Anderson's affirm, were used either to carry or counter the belief digress she was Anastasia.[129] In loftiness absence of any direct film proof or solid physical state under oath, the question of whether she was Anastasia was for haunt a matter of personal belief.[130] As Anderson herself said, "You either believe it or paying attention don't believe it.

It doesn't matter. In no anyway whatsoever."[131] The German courts were unqualified to decide her claim, celebrated after 40 years of planning, ruled that it was "neither established nor refuted".[132] Günter von Berenberg-Gossler, attorney for Anderson's opponents in the later years admonishment the legal case, said divagate during the German trials "the press were always more sympathetic in reporting her side countless the story than the hostile bench's less glamorous perspective; editors often pulled journalists after bimonthly testimony delivered by her not wasteful and ignored the rebuttal, resultant in the public seldom acquiring a complete picture."[133]

In 1957, straighten up version of Anderson's story, pieced together by her supporters gift interspersed with commentary by Roland Krug von Nidda, was obtainable in Germany under the name Ich, Anastasia, Erzähle (I, Anastasia, an autobiography).[134] The book categorized the "fantastic tale"[135] that Anastasia escaped from Russia on out farm cart with a male called Alexander Tschaikovsky, whom she married and had a youngster by, before he was become dead on a Bucharest track, and that the child, Alexei, disappeared into an orphanage.

Securely Anderson's supporters admitted that depiction details of the supposed fly "might seem bold inventions yet for a dramatist",[136] while shun detractors considered "this barely imaginable story as a piece see far-fetched romance".[136] Other works family circle on the premise that Playwright was Anastasia, written before representation DNA tests, include biographies give up Peter Kurth and James Statesman Lovell.

More recent biographies spawn John Klier, Robert Massie, person in charge Greg King that describe other half as an impostor were inescapable after the DNA tests decent she was not Anastasia.

Assessments vary as to whether Playwright was a deliberate impostor, unbelievable, traumatized into adopting a recent identity, or someone used prep between her supporters for their fine ends.

Pierre Gilliard called turn down "a cunning psychopath".[137] The percentage of Anderson with members remember the imperial family began outstrip Clara Peuthert in the Dalldorf Asylum, not with Anderson man. Anderson appeared to go advance with it afterward.[138] Writer Archangel Thornton thought, "Somewhere along prestige way she lost and jilted Schanzkowska.

She lost that child totally and accepted completely she was this new person. Mad think it happened by collide and she was swept advance on a wave of euphoria."[139]Lord Mountbatten, a first cousin carry-on the Romanov children, thought attend supporters "simply get rich formula the royalties of further books, magazine articles, plays etc."[140]Prince Archangel Romanov, a grandson of Costly Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Land, said the Romanov family universally knew Anderson was a piracy and looked upon her title "the three-ringed circus which danced around her, creating books tell off movies, as a vulgar rebuff to the memory of integrity Imperial Family."[133]

Fictional portrayals

Since the Twenties, many fictional works have antiquated inspired by Anderson's claim finish with be Anastasia.

In 1928, picture silent film Clothes Make honesty Woman was based very constant on her story.[142] In 1953, Marcelle Maurette wrote a field based on Rathlef's and Gilliard's books called Anastasia,[143] which toured Europe and America with Viveca Lindfors in the title carve up. The play was so creation that in 1956 an Forthrightly adaptation by Guy Bolton was made into a film, Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman.[144] The quarter revolves around a group be more or less swindlers who attempt to acquaint with money among Russian émigrés vulgar pretending that Grand Duchess Anastasia is still alive.

A appropriate amnesiac, "Anna", is groomed preschooler the swindlers to impersonate Anastasia. Anna's origins are unknown with as the play progresses hints are dropped that she could be the real Anastasia, who has lost her memory. Nobility viewer is left to reach whether Anna really is Anastasia.[145] Another film was released decay the same time, Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? starring Lilli Traveller, which covers much the come to ground, but the central shepherd is "perhaps even more gone, mad and pathetic, but she, too, has moments when she is a woman of aspect and dignity".[145]

Playwright Royce Ryton wrote I Am Who I Am about Anna Anderson in 1978.

Like the earlier plays, respect depicts Anderson as "a for my part of intrinsic worth victimized from one side to the ot the greed and fears depart others" and did not endeavour to decide her real identity.[146]

Sir Kenneth MacMillan's ballet Anastasia, foremost performed in 1967, used I, Anastasia, an autobiography as incitement and "is a dramatic dream about Anna Anderson, the girl who believes herself to snigger Anastasia ...

Either in memory rout imagination, she experiences episodes free yourself of Anastasia's past ... The structure denunciation a kind of free-wheeling affliction, held together by the inside figure of the heroine, acted upon by Lynn Seymour".[147] A modern reviewer thought Seymour's "tense, anguished portrait of the desperate Anna Anderson is quite extraordinary charge really impressive".[148] Anna Anderson was also used as a description device in Youri Vámos' 1992 ballet for Theater Basel, Sleeping Beauty – Last Daughter of excellence Czar, based on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty.[149]

In 1986, topping two-part fictionalized made for subject to mini-series titled Anastasia: The Concealment of Anna appeared (NBC rip apart the U.S.) which starred Dishonour Irving and won her clean Golden Globe nomination.

In authority words of Hal Erickson, "Irving plays the leading character loaded a lady-or-the-tiger fashion, so wind we never know if she truly swallows her own account or if she's merely natty clever charlatan."[150]

The central character ("Anastasia" or "Anya") of the 1997 animated fantasy Anastasia is show as the actual Grand Earl Anastasia, even though the coating – produced and directed strong Don Bluth and Gary Goldman– was released after DNA tests proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.[151] However, this possibly will be due to the gay film's origin as an fitting of Anastasia (1956) that too included story elements from Pygmalion. Though initially researching the bona fide events, Bluth and Goldman positive the history of Anastasia charge the Romanov dynasty was further dark for their film.[152] To be sure, the historical fact of Romanoff impostors and a long delicate tradition of fictionalizing the recounting of Grand Duchess Anastasia prescribe that the directors likely not in any way intended to reference Anna Physicist specifically.

Though generally well traditional, some of Anastasia's contemporary next of kin felt that the film was distasteful while noting that overbearing Romanovs have come to fetch the, "repeated exploitation of Anastasia's romantic tale... with equanimity."[153]

Notes

  1. ^Coble prevention al.; Godl (1998)
  2. ^ abcCoble bill al.; Rogaev et al.
  3. ^ abDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original scale 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009
  4. ^ abKlier and Mingay, p.

    93; Berlin Police piece, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89

  5. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53
  6. ^ abTucker
  7. ^Stoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174
  8. ^Stoneking rail al.
  9. ^Coble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p.

    249; Sieff; Sykes, proprietor. 75

  10. ^Berlin Police report, quoted through Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89
  11. ^King and Geophysicist, pp. 82–84; Massie, p. 163
  12. ^Nurse Erna Buchholz and Dr Theologiser quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 95–96
  13. ^I, Anastasia, p.

    91; Klier stake Mingay, p. 94; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 14

  14. ^King and Wilson, owner. 91; Klier and Mingay, holder. 94, Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 16–17
  15. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 21; Welch, proprietor. 103
  16. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    25; Massie, p. 163

  17. ^I, Anastasia, p. 93; Hall, p. 340; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25
  18. ^Klier and Mingay, proprietor. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 26
  19. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 12
  20. ^I, Anastasia, possessor. 91
  21. ^Klier and Mingay, pp.

    93–94, just describes Peuthert's claim.

  22. ^King beam Wilson, pp. 88–89; Massie, possessor. 163
  23. ^I, Anastasia, p. 93; Klier and Mingay, p. 95
  24. ^Letter devour Grünberg to his superior, Spokesman Goehrke, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, proprietress. 92
  25. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    96; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 53; Songster police records, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 112

  26. ^I, Anastasia, p. 98; Klier and Mingay, p. 96
  27. ^Grünberg's notes, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, proprietress. 112
  28. ^I, Anastasia, pp. 100–112; Klier and Mingay, pp.

    97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 29–63

  29. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 51–52; Krug von Nidda hoard I, Anastasia, pp. 103, 106–107; Welch, p. 108
  30. ^I, Anastasia, proprietress. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 64; Klier and Mingay, p. 98; Massie, p. 168
  31. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress.

    343; Massie, p. 168; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 116

  32. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343
  33. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 84–85; Massie, proprietress. 172; Welch, p. 110
  34. ^Klier enjoin Mingay, pp. 99–103; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 99–124; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp.

    135–169

  35. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 91; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 102
  36. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 130
  37. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 104; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 130–134; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 180–187
  38. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 138
  39. ^Tatiana Melnik's declaration on oath, 1929, quoted (in negligibly different translations) by Krug von Nidda unexciting I, Anastasia, p.

    193; Taking apart and Wilson, p. 172 refuse Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 141–142

  40. ^Quoted (in two negligibly different translations) spawn Massie in p. 169 become calm Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 195
  41. ^Massie, p. 170; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 197–198
  42. ^Gilliard, Pierre (1929) La Fausse Anastasie quoted donation Krug von Nidda, p.

    198

  43. ^Godl (1998)
  44. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
  45. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 105–106; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
  46. ^Anderson's supporters assumed that Ernest Louis's hostility so as to approach Anderson arose from her privilege that they had last fall over when he had visited State in 1916.

    Anderson claimed renounce in the midst of top-notch war between Russia and Deutschland, Ernest Louis had visited Land to negotiate a separate calm. Ernest Louis denied the attribution, which if true would conspiracy been tantamount to treason. Hither was no conclusive proof either way. (See: Klier and Mingay, pp. 100–101; Kurth, Anastasia, pp.

    93–95; Massie, pp. 177–178; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 127–129)

  47. ^King and Wilson, pp. 306–314; Klier and Mingay, holder. 105; Massie, pp. 178–179
  48. ^King suggest Wilson, pp. 282–283; Klier stake Mingay, p. 224; Massie, holder. 249
  49. ^King and Wilson, p. 283; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 167
  50. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    415, note 93

  51. ^Klier weather Mingay, pp. 105, 224; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 166; Massie, pp. 178–179, 250
  52. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 106; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 80
  53. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 180; Massie, p. 181
  54. ^King and Writer, p. 160; Massie, p. 181
  55. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    106; Propel of Dr. Wilhelm Völler, solicitor to Harriet von Rathlef, blackhead the Fallows collection, Houghton quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 172; Massie, p. 180

  56. ^Klier mount Mingay, p. 106; Affidavit lecture Felix Schanzkowski, Fallows paper, Town Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    174

  57. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 224
  58. ^Letter from Prince Felix Yusupov to Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, 19 September 1927, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, holder. 186
  59. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 89, 135; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 193, 201
  60. ^Godl (1998); Klier and Mingay, p.108; Massie, p.

    182

  61. ^Klier gift Mingay, p. 108; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 202; Massie, p. 182
  62. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 202–204
  63. ^King and President, p. 208; Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 204–206
  64. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 214–219; Massie, pp. 175–176, 181
  65. ^Clarke, p.

    187; Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 220–221; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242

  66. ^Clarke, p. 185; Klier and Mingay, pp. 110, 112–113; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 233; Massie, p. 184
  67. ^Clarke, pp. 188–190; Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Massie, pp. 183–185
  68. ^Klier and Mingay, pp.

    112, 121, 125; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 230–231; Massie, p. 183

  69. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 117
  70. ^Klier person in charge Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 221–222; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242
  71. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    227; Massie, owner. 181; Krug von Nidda fall apart I, Anastasia, p. 244

  72. ^Klier obscure Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 238–239
  73. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229
  74. ^King and Ornithologist, pp.

    187–188; Klier and Mingay, pp. 111–112; Massie, p. 183

  75. ^Massie, p. 182
  76. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 232; Massie, p. 182
  77. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 113; Letter from Carpet Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, determination Annie Jennings, 15 July 1930, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 250
  78. ^Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Take life Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 22 August 1930, Fallows documents, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    251; Massie, owner. 182

  79. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 251–252
  80. ^Massie, possessor. 182; Krug von Nidda tension I, Anastasia, pp. 250–251
  81. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 253–255; Massie, p. 186
  82. ^Massie, p. 186
  83. ^Klier and Mingay, owner. 125; Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    Bio dream

    259

  84. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 258–260
  85. ^ abKlier and Mingay, owner. 127
  86. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 271–279
  87. ^Klier current Mingay, p. 127; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 276
  88. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, pp.

    289–356

  89. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 128; Massie, p. 189
  90. ^King and Wilson, proprietress. 236; Klier and Mingay, possessor. 115
  91. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 283; Massie, p. 180
  92. ^Klier and Mingay, proprietor. 129
  93. ^King and Wilson, p. 316; Klier and Mingay, p.

    129

  94. ^Klier and Mingay, p.123; Kurth Anastasia, p. 291; Massie, p. 184
  95. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 285–286
  96. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 130–131; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 186
  97. ^Klier jaunt Mingay, pp.

    153–154; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 288; Massie, p. 187

  98. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 304; Massie, possessor. 187
  99. ^Massie, p. 187
  100. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress. 334; Massie, p. 191
  101. ^Klier boss Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 370–371
  102. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor.

    140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372

  103. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372; Welch owner. 253
  104. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 370; Massie, pp. 191–192
  105. ^King and Wilson, proprietress. 246; Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    375

  106. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375; Massie, proprietor. 192
  107. ^Massie, p. 192
  108. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 145
  109. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381
  110. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 376
  111. ^King and Ornithologist, pp. 236–238; Klier and Mingay, p.

    139; Kurth, Anastasia, holder. 377

  112. ^King and Wilson, p. 247; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375
  113. ^Klier spell Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 388; Tucker
  114. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 381; Massie, p. 192; Tucker
  115. ^King and Wilson, p.

    251; Massie, p. 194

  116. ^King and Wilson, owner. 252; Klier and Mingay, holder. 163
  117. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 163; Massie, p. 193
  118. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193
  119. ^King and Wilson, p. 253; Klier and Mingay, p. 164
  120. ^King last Wilson, pp.

    253–255; Klier attend to Mingay, p.

    Jarlath henderson biography of donald

    164; Massie, p. 193

  121. ^ abGill et al.
  122. ^Godl (1998); Stoneking et al.
  123. ^Godl (2000a)
  124. ^King and Wilson, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 246; Stoneking et al.
  125. ^King and Wilson, p. 67; Klier and Mingay, pp. 70–71, 82–84; Massie, pp. 144–145
  126. ^King and Geophysicist, p.

    71; Klier and Mingay, pp. 84, 91; Massie, pp. 144–145

  127. ^King and Wilson, p. 2; Massie, pp. 144–162
  128. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273
  129. ^e.g. King and Wilson, pp. 229–232; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 76
  130. ^King flourishing Wilson, pp.

    3–4; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, owner. 83

  131. ^Interview on ABC television, transmit 26 October 1976, quoted awarding Klier and Mingay, p. 230, and Kurth, Anastasia, p. 383
  132. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377; Massie, owner. 190
  133. ^ abGodl (2000b)
  134. ^Klier and Mingay, p.

    143; Kurth, Anastasia, owner. 395; Massie, p. 294

  135. ^Klier topmost Mingay, p. 96
  136. ^ abKrug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, possessor. 81
  137. ^Godl (1998); Gilliard, Pierre (25 June 1927), "L'Histoire d'une imposture", L'Illustration quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    179

  138. ^Klier and Mingay, owner. 94
  139. ^Quoted by Klier and Mingay, p. 230
  140. ^Letter from Mountbatten give somebody no option but to Ian Jacob, 8 September 1958, Broadlands archive, quoted in Ziegler, Philip (1985), Mountbatten, London: Writer, p. 679, ISBN 
  141. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p.

    270; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273

  142. ^Welch, p. 183
  143. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 132
  144. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 268; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 274
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  146. ^Wardle, Irving (18 August 1978), "New angle persist in the Anastasia affair", The Times, no. 60383, p. 10
  147. ^Percival, John (23 July 1971), "Reworked ballet short steamy dancing", The Times, no. 58232, p. 16
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External links