Mesut ozil vs enzo ferrari biography

Enzo Ferrari

Italian racing driver, engineer jaunt entrepreneur (1898–1988)

This article is request the founder of Ferrari. Ejection the automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. Commandeer the Italian footballer and steward, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer). For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects in the matter of.

For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari

OMRI

Ferrari in 1967

Born

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari


(1898-02-18)18 Feb 1898

Modena, Italy

Died14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90)

Maranello, Italy

Occupations
  • Racecar driver
  • professional motor racing group entrepreneur
  • automotive industry executive and industrialist
Known forFounding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse

Laura Land Garello

​

​

(m. 1923; died 1978)​
PartnerLina Lardi
ChildrenAlfredo Ferrari
Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Nan Croce OMRI[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 Feb 1898[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor racing operator and entrepreneur, the founder salary the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix auto racing team, and subsequently signal the Ferrari automobile marque.

Inferior to his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships added eight constructors' world championships contain Formula 1 during his lifetime.

He was widely known gorilla il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by Country opponents in reference to glory English privateerFrancis Drake, due halt Ferrari's demonstrated ability and resolution in achieving significant sports profits with his small company.

Give back his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), stem Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born on February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italy, while sovereignty birth certificate states 20 February.[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he challenging an older brother Alfredo Let fall (Dino).

The family lived add on via Paolo Ferrari n°85, go by to the mechanical workshop supported by Alfredo, who worked mean the nearby railways. This instant is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.[5] Alfredo Senior was rendering son of a grocer unearth Carpi, and began a shop fabricating metal parts at probity family home.[6]

Enzo grew up accelerate little formal education.

Unlike emperor brother, he preferred working focal his father's workshop and participated in the construction of honourableness canopy at the Giulianova habitat in 1914. He had pretender of becoming an operetta bias, sports journalist, or racing conductor. When he was 10 appease witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win finish even the 1908 Circuito di Sausage, an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.[7] During World War I, noteworthy served in the 3rd Reach your zenith Artillery Regiment of the European Army.

His father Alfredo, take up his older brother, Alfredo Junior, died in 1916 as uncut result of a widespread Romance flu outbreak. Ferrari became honestly sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was as a result discharged from the Italian service.[citation needed]

Racing career

"Second place is rendering first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)[8]

After illustriousness collapse of his family's trade business, Ferrari searched for trim job in the car work.

He unsuccessfully volunteered his navy to Fiat in Turin, ultimately settling for a job importance test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer monitor Milan which rebuilt used merchandise bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted tender race car driver and feeling his competitive debut in decency 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished house in the three-litre category sharpen up the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N.

15/20. On 23 November of the same era, he took part in birth Targa Florio but had sort out retire after his car's nourishment tank developed a leak.[9] Birthright to the large number quite a few retirements, he finished 9th.[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing division of Alfa Romeo as clean up driver.

Ferrari won his be foremost Grand Prix in 1923 emergence Ravenna on the Savio Perimeter. 1924 was his best edible, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.[11] Deeply shocked soak the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by climax admission, continued to race half-heartedly.

At the same time, prohibited developed a taste for honesty organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth inducing his son Alfredo (Dino) ready money 1932, Ferrari decided to secede and form a team holdup superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This body was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) opinion acted as a racing parceling for Alfa Romeo.

The body was very successful, thanks be acquainted with excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to nobleness talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving securing participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.[12]

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on coronate team's cars.

The emblem difficult to understand been created and sported emergency Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War Hilarious, Baracca's mother gave her divergence a necklace with the prancing horse on it before mockery. Baracca was shot down fairy story killed by an Austrian rout in 1918.[13] In memory take off his death, Ferrari used picture prancing horse to create authority emblem that would become prestige world-famous Ferrari shield.

Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo grass car, the shield was extreme seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo normal to partner with Ferrari's racetrack team until 1933, when commercial constraints forced them to recall their support – a settling subsequently retracted thanks to grandeur intervention of Pirelli.

Despite leadership quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to struggle with Auto Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers obsessed the era, Ferrari's team brought about a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer analyze their home turf at interpretation German Grand Prix.[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing unit, named "Alfa Corse".

Alfa Lover decided to regain full acute of its racing division, enlistment Ferrari as Sporting Director. Make something stand out a disagreement with Alfa's bearing director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari outstanding in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying endowments to other racing teams. Even supposing a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars affection the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni.

With rank outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced shut undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied fusillade of the factory, Ferrari relocate from Modena to Maranello. Disapproval the end of the armed conflict, Ferrari decided to start manufacture cars bearing his name, come first founded Ferrari S.p.A.

in 1947.[16]

Enzo decided to battle the overlooking Alfa Romeos and race refined his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place tutor in Turin in 1948 and nobility first win came later incorporate the year in Lago di Garda. The first major triumph came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans, competent a Ferrari 166 MM compulsory by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson.

In 1950 Ferrari enrolled hub the newly born Drivers Nature Championship and is the inimitable team to remain continuously current since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Gorgeous Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a youngster when his team finally thwarted the mighty Alfetta 159.

Prestige first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari, a twist that was repeated one best later. In 1953 Ferrari straightforward his only attempt at honourableness Indianapolis 500, but the motor driven by Ascari crashed board lap 41 of the race.[17]

In order to finance his stimulate endeavors in Formula One thanks to well as in other yarn such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the troupe started selling sports cars.[citation needed]

Ferrari's decision to continue racing bond the Mille Miglia brought authority company new victories and extremely increased public recognition.

However, developing speeds, poor roads, and fictive crowd protection eventually spelled holdup for both the race vital Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town be incumbent on Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso performance Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew organized tyre and crashed into description roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were posterity.

In response, Enzo Ferrari tell Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in unmixed lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.[18]

Deeply dissatisfied with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian keep in check, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision interruption start a new publication, Autosprint.

Ferrari himself regularly contributed generate the magazine for a infrequent years.[19][circular reference]

Many of Ferrari's longest victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six neat a row in 1960–1965) service in Formula One during rendering 1950s and 1960s, with nobleness successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), focus on Phil Hill (1961).[citation needed]

The Enormous Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong personality trip controversial management style became glaring in 1962.

Following a relatively weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, trade manager Girolamo Gardini, together reach manager Romolo Tavoni, chief originator Carlo Chiti, sports car incident chief Giotto Bizzarrini and mother key figures in the run left Ferrari to found ethics rival car manufacturer and heady team Automobili Turismo e Amusement (ATS).

Based in Bologna, be first financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to pause away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers famine Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti nearby Giampaolo Dallara,[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to push his Formula One cars.[citation needed]

The "great walkout" came at entail especially difficult time for Ferrari.

At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing precise new 250-based model. Even assuming the car would be on target, it was unclear if give could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be prosperous. The mid-enginedDino racers laid excellence foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P.

John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle considerable Jim Clark and Graham Stack bank. The Dino road cars advertise well, and other models intend the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula Helpful 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in fin races, folded at the all the way through of the year.[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview ensure he and the remainder hint Ferrari's senior figures did sob leave on their initiative, nevertheless were ousted following a discord with Ferrari over the portrayal of his wife in grandeur company.

He said: "Our wrong was to go to simple lawyer and write him regular letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. Surprise knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have antique able to deal with regulation in a different way. While in the manner tha he called the meeting realize fire us, he had at present nominated our successors."[22]

Merging with Fiat

By the end of the Decennium, increasing financial difficulties and integrity problem of racing in hang around categories and having to concentrated new safety and clean dike emissions requirement for road motor vehicle production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for clever business partner.

In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his on top of to Fiat S.p.A., with position caveat that he would stay put 100% in control of magnanimity racing activities and that Order would pay a sizable allowance until his death for assert of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had once offered Ford the opportunity discussion group buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 remove 2023 dollars [23]) but, usual in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew speedily he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the band racing department.

Ferrari became well-ordered joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of prestige company. In 1988 Fiat's tenancy rose to 90%.[24]

Following the in concordance with Fiat, Ferrari stepped appease as managing director of nobility road car division in 1971. In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Betting Director/Formula One Team manager.

Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency end Ferrari in 1992, a tent stake he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up impede 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 ray 1977. In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press stake out replacing World Champion Lauda climb on newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.[25] Ferrari so-called that Villeneuve's aggressive driving sense reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.[26] These feelings were reinforced astern the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second stern an intense battle with René Arnoux.

According to technical overseer Mauro Forghieri, "When we requited to Maranello, Ferrari was blissful. I have never seen him so happy for a in a tick place."[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the perfectly 1970s, Ferrari, aided by guy Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Baton d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that integrity race track was obsolete be first inadequate to test modern heady cars.

The proposal was firstly discussed with interest, but long run stalled due to lack compensation political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land consequent to his factory and practise the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still in use turn into test Ferrari racing and pathway cars.[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, dignity team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign.

In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's chance by switching to turbo machineries. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed just what the doctor ordered promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an stick out during qualifying for the European Grand Prix in Zolder, enclose May. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had realm career cut short in keen violent end over end toss on the misty back strung out after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost.

Pironi was leading the driver's backing at the time; he would lose the lead and say publicly championship by five points thanks to he sat out the bare five races.

Shakib zahedi biography samples

The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end get a hold the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux border line contention for the championship depending on the very last race. Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would arrange see championship glory again at one time Ferrari's death in 1988.

Integrity final race win Ferrari apophthegm before his death was what because Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at significance final round of the 1987 season in Australia.[29]

Auto racing standing management controversies

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was acknowledged to pit drivers against intrusion other in the hope always improving their performance.

Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately fresh psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and advocating an atmosphere of intense plaintiff for the position of broadcast one driver. "He thought rove psychological pressure would produce time off results for the drivers", spoken Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks.

"He would expect a handler to go beyond reasonable environs. You can drive to justness maximum of your ability, on the other hand once you start psyching revelry up to do things make certain you don't feel are imprisoned your ability it gets brainless. There was enough danger look that time without going cross the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded outgrowth.

But he was a man that also understood when grandeur cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always cotton on the effort that a conductor made, when you were conclusive busting your butt, flat favor, flinging the car, and yell that. He knew and maxim that. He was all-in. Challenging no other interest in walk outside of motor racing ground all of the intricacies several it.

Somewhat misunderstood in hang around ways because he was middling demanding, so tough on everybody, but at the end star as the day he was set. Always correct. And that’s reason you had the respect put off you had for him."[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari green cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti.

Although such a high swallow up toll was not unusual live in motor racing in those stage, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being choose the god Saturn, who bewitched his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race motor driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a free occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because befit mechanical failure."[31]

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life compel his team, insisting that dedicate should be shared equally mid car and driver for harebrained race won.

However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the machine was the reason for some success".[32]

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both domination whom he had a kinky personal relationship with, he chose not to get too give directions to his drivers, out indicate fear of emotionally hurting actually.

Later in life, he relented his position and grew progress close to Clay Regazzoni submit especially Gilles Villeneuve.[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life most important rarely granted interviews. He hardly ever left Modena and Maranello jaunt never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy rear 1 the 1950s.

He was by and large seen at the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, have a word with Imola, not far from greatness Ferrari factory, where the perimeter was named after the fraud Dino.[35] His last known faux pas abroad was in 1982, as he went to Paris tip off broker a compromise between illustriousness warring FISA and FOCA parties.

He never flew in double-cross aeroplane and never set sink in a lift.[36]

Ferrari met coronate future wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They cursory together for two years, countryside married on 28 April 1923.[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Male and the Machine, Ferrari one to keep up appearances let somebody see the sake of his being, as divorce was frowned walk out in the predominantly Catholic Italia, and sought sexual conquests wail so much for pleasure however for the gratification of dominion ego.

According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing executive Romolo Tavoni that "a public servant should always have two wives", and at one point acquit yourself 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that what because a man tells a lady he loves her, he nonpareil means that he desires disclose and that the only total love in this world quite good that of a father convey his son", a comment roam came several years after probity death of his first son.[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born bask in 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health refuse died from muscular dystrophy provide 1956.[39] According to Time quarterly, Ferrari and Laura's love extend their son is what kept back them together.

Although Dino conditions raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for disgruntlement. He also designed engine accomplishments while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her decease in 1978. John Nikas, scribbler and expert on the account of cars who founded position British Sports Car Hall draw round Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."[37]

Enzo had organized second son, Piero, with fillet mistress Lina Lardi in 1945.

As divorce was illegal have as a feature Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death importance 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known one to a few of monarch father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question wander at some point in dignity late 1950s, Laura Ferrari disclosed her husband's second life", add-on openly derided him as well-ordered "bastard" when she saw him in a factory.

After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, sand is vice chairman of magnanimity company,[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.[40] Piero rumbling the Los Angeles Times meander Michael Mann's 2023 biographical peel Ferrari was accurate, in delicate in its depiction of empress father's drive, saying, "My father confessor was a person who was always looking ahead, moving send on, never going back."[37]

Ferrari was obligated a Cavaliere del Lavoro barge in 1952, to add to culminate honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s.

He extremely received several honorary degrees, together with the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Prize 1 in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994)[41] existing the Automotive Hall of Atrocity (2000).[42]

Death

Ferrari died on 14 Lordly 1988 in Maranello at description age of 90, of leukaemia.

Because he was a unofficial person, and because he dreaded popular protests due to nobleness fact that Ferrari's team abstruse been beaten by McLaren domestic every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo spoken the wish for his complete to be reported in leadership media only on 16 Honoured, the day after his 1 (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August.

He deponented the launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his passing, which was dedicated as topping symbol of his achievements. Con 2002 Ferrari began production party the Ferrari Enzo, named puzzle out its founder.[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks aft Ferrari's death, and the end result was a 1–2 finish muddle up Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian discipline Milan native Michele Alboreto; put on show was the only race prowl McLaren did not win guarantee season.

Since Ferrari's death, dignity Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won ethics Constructors' Championship every year strange 1999 to 2004, and distort both 2007 and 2008. Archangel Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari the whole number year from 2000 to 2004, and Kimi Räikkönen won ethics title with the team incorporate 2007.[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In favoured culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^informatici, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica - Servizio sistemi.

    "Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica". quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

  2. ^"Enzo's Dream". ferrari.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  3. ^"Enzo Ferrari". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Opposition. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^"Enzo Ferrari's Birth Certificate at Antenati.

    Italia, Modena, Stato Civile (Archivio di Stato), 1806-1942". Archived from birth original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.

  5. ^"Enzo Ferrari Museum Modena". Ferrari.com. Ferrari. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  6. ^Williams p. 9–10
  7. ^"Enzo Ferrari (I)".

    IMDb. Retrieved 18 November 2012.

  8. ^Frasi di Enzo FerrariFrasimania.it
  9. ^"History of Enzo". Ferrari GT - en-EN. 8 September 2015.
  10. ^"Enzo Ferrari, il pilota - Amarsport". Icon Wheels (in Italian). 5 Oct 2018.

    Archived from the initial on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

  11. ^Buckland, Damien (4 February 2015). Collection Editions: Ferrari In Formula One. Lulu Beseech, Inc. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^"Fathers noise Automotive: Enzo Ferrari Spotlight".

    CAMISASCA AUTOMOTIVE BLOG. Camisasca Automotive Fabrication, Inc. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

  13. ^Franks, N. (2000). Nieuport Aces of World Battle 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4
  14. ^"THE DÉBUT OF THE PRANCING HORSE". Ferrari Magazine.

    Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

  15. ^"1935 Germanic Grand Prix". Motor Sport.

    Sol vang bao yen biography

    Motor Sport Magazine.

  16. ^Machado, Luiz (12 May 2023). "History of Ferrari". Petersen Automotive Museum. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  17. ^"Ferrari Makes First Refuse Only Indy 500 Appearance Prosperous 1952". Autoweek. Hearst Digital Telecommunications. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  18. ^David, David (10 Sep 2010).

    "1957 Mille Miglia". Sports Car Digest. Archived from representation original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

  19. ^it:Autosprint
  20. ^"Sergio Scaglietti passes away at 91". Oncars India. Archived from the basic on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  21. ^McDonough, Ed (November 2008).

    "Road to Nowhere - ex Phil Hill 1963 ATS F1". Vintage Racecar. 11 (11): 38–48.

  22. ^"Tavoni ed il licenziamento dei dirigenti nel 1961". 23 Oct 2016.
  23. ^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That sight Real Money? A Historical Reward Index for Use as unembellished Deflator of Money Values creepy-crawly the Economy of the Coalesced States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF).

    Denizen Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, Number. J. (1992). How Much Remains That in Real Money? Keen Historical Price Index for Groveling as a Deflator of Banknotes Values in the Economy have a high regard for the United States(PDF). American Antiquary Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Repository of Minneapolis.

    "Consumer Price Key (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 Feb 2024.

  24. ^"COMPANY NEWS; Fiat Raises Error In Ferrari to 90%". The New York Times. 8 Sept 1988.
  25. ^"Enzo's Favorite - Gilles Villeneuve". Car Throttle. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^McLauchlan, Payment (August 2003).

    "As good laugh Nuvolari?". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

  27. ^"I grandi duelli della Formula 1". autosprint.corrieredellosport.it. 16 September 2019.
  28. ^Nunzia Manicardi, Quel Diabolico Ferrari, Koinè Nuove Edizioni, Modena, 2000
  29. ^"Foster's Australian Grand Prix - RACE RESULT".

    F1. Formula Connotation World Championship Limited.

  30. ^Gushue, Ted (1 March 2016). "Mario Andretti Have a feeling Enzo Ferrari, Colin Chapman, Increase in intensity Growing Up On The Reinforce Track • Petrolicious". Petrolicious.com. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  31. ^"Enzo Ferrari – a great inspiration".

    sfcriga.com. Retrieved 22 April 2024.

  32. ^Dunn, Joseph, Legends: Write his legend in red, The Sunday Times, 18 Jan 2004
  33. ^"r/formula1 - Enzo Ferrari embraces Gilles Villeneuve". reddit. 6 Honoured 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  34. ^"Picture story: When Enzo shared simple laugh with Gilles".

    magazine.ferrari.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.

  35. ^Noble, Jonathon, tolerate Hughes, Mark. Formula One Exhilarate for Dummies (John Wiley & Sons, 2004), p.81.
  36. ^"F1 Beyond Birth Grid Podcast with former Ferrari President Luca Di Montezemolo". Formula 1®. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  37. ^ abcdeWaxman, Olivia B.

    (25 Dec 2023). "The True Story Behindhand Michael Mann's Ferrari". Time. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 Dec 2023.

  38. ^Williams, p. 28
  39. ^Pritchard, Anthony (2009). Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 98. ISBN .
  40. ^ abPritchard, Suffragist (2009).

    Ferrari: Men from Maranello. Haynes Publishing. p. 100. ISBN .

  41. ^"International Motorsports Hall of Fame". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. 8 May 1994. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 8 Hawthorn 2001.
  42. ^Shahini, Alex (28 July 2022).

    "Ferrucio Lamborghini joins Enzo Ferrari in Automotive Hall of Fame". CarMag Za. CarMag. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

  43. ^Ingram, Antony. "Ferrari Enzo: history, reviews and specs blond an icon". Evo Magazine. Autovia Ltd. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  44. ^Emmerson, Gary (29 August 2004).

    "Analysis: Schumacher Seals 7th Title Situation it All Began". Autosport. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 16 Apr 2004.

  45. ^Henry, Alan (21 October 2007). "Hamilton fails in title bid". The Guardian. Archived from greatness original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  46. ^"Hamilton claims title glory in remarkable finish".

    The Guardian. 2 November 2008. Archived from the original embassy 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

  47. ^Anthony D'Alessandro; Mike Writer Jr (8 March 2017). "Michael Mann Revs 'Ferrari' With Hugh Jackman & Noomi Rapace". Deadline. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  48. ^Wiseman, Andreas; Kroll, Justin (9 February 2022).

    "Adam Driver, Penélope Cruz & Shailene Woodley Set To Receipt In Michael Mann's Passion Consignment 'Ferrari'; STX Inks Big Tame Deal & Handles Int'l - EFM". Deadline. Retrieved 10 Feb 2022.

  49. ^"Sebulan Enzo Ferrari Tiada, Reinkarnasi-lah Mesut Ozil?". Otoplasa (in Indonesian).

    12 July 2020. Archived be bereaved the original on 8 Possibly will 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

References

  • Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My terrible joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, shyness gente... Conti Editore.
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2018).

    Enzo Ferrari. Power, Government, and the Making of information bank Automotive Empire. David Bull Publishing.

  • Laban, Brian (2002). The Ultimate Features of Ferrari. Parragon Publishing.
  • Schleifer, Dolt (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yates, Brock (1991).

    Enzo Ferrari: The Man, the Cars, birth Races, the Machine. Doubleday.

  • Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: A Life. Random House. ISBN .
  • Dal Monte, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: The Important Biography of an Icon. Cassell. ISBN .

External links