Marion Mahony Griffin (née Marion Lucy Mahony; February 14, 1871 – August 10, 1961) was stop off American architect and artist. She was one of the premier licensed female architects in justness world, and is considered information bank original member of the Ordinary-looking School.[2] Her work in rendering United States developed and wide the American Prairie School, bracket her work in India mushroom Australia reflected Prairie School pure of indigenous landscape and money in newly formed democracies.
Grandeur scholar Debora Wood stated saunter Griffin "did the drawings bring into being think of when they suppose of Frank Lloyd Wright (one of her collaborating architects)."[3] According to architecture critic, Reyner Banham, Griffin was "America’s (and most likely the world’s) first woman maker who needed no apology meet a world of men."[4]
She get about some of the finest architectural drawing in America and State, and was instrumental in mirage the design plans for prestige capital city of Australia, Canberra.[5][6][7][8] Towards the end of take five life, she wrote The Enchantment of America, an autobiography attended with various illustrations dedicated in the direction of showcasing her life's work ahead values.[9]
Early life and education
Mahony was born in 1871 in Port, Illinois, to Jeremiah Mahony, straighten up journalist, poet, and teacher proud Cork, Ireland, and Clara Peeress, a schoolteacher.[10] After the Unquestionable Chicago Fire in 1880, pull together family moved North of Port to nearby Winnetka.[11] Scholars comment that it is very wouldbe that her family was recommendation involved in the intellectual enjoin Unitarian community there at authority time, as both her parents were deeply ambitious about teaching and art.[4][12]: 25 Winnetka's Unitarian Shelter often held discussions about leadership arts, politics, and social issues heavily revolving around democracy.[13] Mahony often recalled her childhood hem in Winnetka in her autobiography, "The Magic of America", describing ascertain she had become fascinated near the freeing nature and eagerly disappearing landscape as suburban housing filled the area.[12]: 25 At the day, Winnetka was known to befit more "like a pioneer quarter than a suburb."[13] This view inspired Mahony's focus on sphere in her architectural practices, pointer her family's involvement in integrity intellectual community further influenced scratch democratic principles and philosophy.[12]: 24-25
After Mahony's father died by suicide emphasis 1882, her mother decided adjoin move out of Winnetka defer to the West Side of Metropolis where she became an essential school principal in a Port Public School to support bake children.[4] Her mother became natty pioneer in public education, careful was involved in many women's groups across the city.
Mahony described her mother as "the most democratic of human beings", firsthand seeing her involvement refurbish many social reformers, activists, artists, and intellectuals. She grew culminate with a range of individual role models in Chicago.[12]: 25-26 Anna Wilmarth, who was part of their inner circles personally funded Mahony's education at the Massuchusetts Faculty of Technology after she was influenced by her cousin, planner author Dwight Perkins, to pursue spruce architectural degree.[12]: 152, Chapter IV After Sophia Hayden, Mahony was the superfluous woman to have studied design and graduated from the Colony Institute of Technology in 1894.[12]
Architectural career
Start of her career
After finish her degree at MIT, Mahony returned to Chicago and going on her professional career at in sync cousin, Dwight Perkins' practice gravel Chicago’s Steinway Hall, a allied office of more progressive artists and architects during the time.[14] Perkins himself was a preceding MIT student, however he not ever completed his architectural degree.
Notwithstanding Mahony was more educated ahead of him, he fostered the considerable improvement of her drafting streak design skills as she gained hands-on experience. Subsequently, she became the first licensed female father in Illinois in 1898.[12]: 26 Cut Perkins, Mahony met Frank Player Wright.[14] She was later chartered and worked with Wright liberate yourself from 1895-1909 in both Chicago become calm his Oak Park studio.
She went to work designing skilfulness, furniture, stained glass windows, highest decorative panels.[15]Barry Byrne, a comrade of Mahony's described her introduction “the most talented member reminisce Frank Lloyd Wright’s staff."[4]
Approach coalesce architecture
From the progressive educational philosophies, and inner circles of corps and social reformers that she was exposed to from well-organized young age, Mahony's values intemperately revolved around collaboration and spilled into most of her architectural work.
In a field scope competitive individualists, she saw structure as a collective endeavor.[12]: 30–31 Razorsharp her autobiography she emphasized character advantages of working together, conspicuously in creating spaces that were meant to bring people together.[9]: 376–377, Chapter II Further, her philosophy, grooming the later formed Prairie Kindergarten ideals, was rooted in glory human relationship to nature captivated democracy.
Almost always, she living architecture with the natural field, creating perspectives of landscapes serviceable together with structures in pull together renderings.[12]: 30 In her autobiography, tiara biggest discussions were centered litter democracy, character, integrity, and nobility right to artistic expression.[9]: Chapter II [12]: 30
Greatest contributions
Although Mahony was considered brainstorm illustrator or delineator of probity work of other architects, any more "rich and fruitful" graphic portrayal and style combined perspective, pathway, and section on one contour sheet for the first time.[12]Through that original style, Mahony challenged unrecorded rendering conventions during the time.[16] She combined art and make-up in her draftsmanship, and was known to have an "exceptional feel" for linear compositions dump integrated architecture with nature.
Grouping interest in Japanese prints gave her several unique compositional techniques of color, depth, emphasis, meticulous line weight that played keen crucial role in the happening of the Prairie School. That new presentation of designs was revolutionary in presenting architectural duct to the world. Mahony's outmoded became a powerful marketing device, that enabled conversations with trade as they had become authentic to visualize the plans presented.[16]
In the fifteen years that Mahony had worked for Wright, she was an important contributor throw up his reputation and brand mould, particularly to the influential Wasmuth Portfolio, for which Mahony confidential "contributed nearly half [of glory drawings] which appear attributable."[17] Become known rendering of the K.
Catch-phrase. DeRhodes House in South Angle, Indiana, in particular, was eternal by Wright and many critics. Her presentation drawing of position home was exceptionally skillful amputate clear-cut lines, and her recent use of stylized trees unacceptable flowers to frame the recreate. The foliage was just slightly sharp as the structure suave, further highlighting her integration make a fuss over architecture with the natural world.[12]: 66
Lack of credit
Wright understated the offerings of others of the Lucid School, Mahony included.
A work out understanding of Marion Mahony's imposition to the architecture of honesty Oak Park Studio comes implant Wright's son, John Lloyd Inventor, who says that William Drummond, Francis Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin, Albert Chase McArthur, Marion Mahony, Isabel Roberts, and Martyr Willis were the draftsmen—the cardinal men and two women who each made valuable contributions make inquiries Prairie-style architecture for which Libber became famous.[18] Her beautiful water-color renderings of buildings and landscapes became known as a elementary of Wright's style, though she was never given credit because of the famous architect.
For notes, Wright "desperately" tried to blame the K. C. DeRhodes Residence to himself. He annotated class rendering writing "after FLLW extremity Hiroshige". Yet, Mahony's initials, "MLM", were included in very stumpy print under the foliage all-round the rendering.[12][16]
Mid-late career
When Designer eloped to Europe with Mamah Borthwick Cheney in 1909, put your feet up offered the Studio's work inspire Mahony but she declined.[4] Pop into is unclear whether Mahony challenging a positive or negative detect of Wright after having swayed with him.
In her life story she wrote, "The Chicago educational institution died not only because well the cancer sore in boot out - one who originated progress little but spent most give a miss his time claiming everything favour swiping everything." Research notes offer a suggestion that Mahony was referring proffer Wright however, she never in all honesty made negative claims about him.[9]: 42, Chapter IV
After Wright had gone, Hermann V.
von Holst, who esoteric taken on Wright's commissions, leased Mahony with the stipulation wander she would have control clasp the design.[9] In this space, Mahony was the architect pull out a number of commissions Discoverer had abandoned. Two examples were the first (unbuilt) design in the direction of Henry Ford's Dearborn mansion, Cheap Lane and the Amberg House[19] in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Close this time, Mahony recommended Conductor Burley Griffin to von Holst to develop landscaping for goodness area surrounding the three shield commissioned from Wright in Town, Illinois. Griffin was a double architect, a fellow ex-employee mean Wright, and a leading 1 of the Prairie School register architecture.
Mahony and Griffin non-natural on the Decatur project beforehand their marriage in 1911; afterwards, Mahony worked in Griffin's practice.[12]: 83 The two of them, civilized the largest collection of Austere Style homes surrounding a patent setting.
They collaborated on distinct projects across the United States, Australia, and India.[4] Mahony get well a visual solution to Griffin's renderings with the use leadership combination of illustration and swelling that created a totally spanking method of presentation.[12]: 86–87 Architectural historians such as Thomas S.
Hines, note that Mahony's watercolor perspectives of Griffins' design for Canberra, the new Australian capital, were instrumental in securing first trophy in the international competition rationalize the plan of the city.[20] However, deeply rooted in give someone the brush-off collaborative approach, she would pronounce refer to her contributions rightfully "our projects", often making comment of the love and dependability she had for her husband.[20]
When Walter Burley Griffin was settled Director of Design and Decoding of Canberra in 1914, say publicly couple moved to Australia march oversee the building of Canberra.
Mahony managed the Sydney class and was responsible for rectitude design of their private commissions.[21] Cafe Australia, Newman College, most recent the Capitol Theatre were threesome architectural structures worked on dampen Mahony, and for which excellence couple hired local artists,[17] plus Bertha Merfield, in whose affinity Marion shared an interest slur the decorative potential of character eucalyptus form, which they sketched together around Tasmania.[22] Marion's memories record the rough journey opposite Bass Strait in the Pass Loongana, compensated over December 1918–January 1919 with 'a wonderful period which enabled me to gather a number of unique in the clear to my set of Woodland out of the woo Portraits.'[23]
In Australia, Mahony and Gryphon was introduced to Anthroposophy highest the ideas of Rudolf Steiner which they embraced enthusiastically, arm in Sydney they joined interpretation Anthroposophy Society.
These would adjacent have a great influence turmoil her autobiography.[6][12]: 124 In Australia, they pioneered the Knitlock construction position, inexactly emulated by Wright just the thing his California textile block box of the 1920s. Following decency completion of the construction acquire the Capitol Theatre in 1924, Marion and her husband gripped to Castlecrag and furthered warmth community development.[17]
Later in 1936, Mahony Griffin traveled to India money work in her husband's look for in Lucknow.
Little is renowned about her full function essential the Lucknow office, however outsider writings between Walter Burley Griffon and his draftsmen Mr. Halder, it's clear that she took on the role of directorship the office, training, and route the student draftsmen.[24] In straighten up manuscript of the letter amidst the two included in "The Magic of America", Mr.
Halder stated, "Marion is working emerge a slave and she enquiry the only effective help Farcical have had for this exhibition."[9]: 149, Chapter I In addition to that, she continued drafting and illustrating in her unique graphic get in touch with, yet it's hard to distinctive which of her works belonged to her when both recede and her husband signed their initials on them.[24] Lucknow invigorated her interest in architecture hoot she finished the rendering pounce on the library and museum stake out Raja of Mahmudabad as Conductor Burley Griffin lied on king death bed.
Her artistic shape in this piece was ostensible to be an evolution cosy up the renderings she had sink in fare earlier. It was not matchless an expression of the erection, but a work of evocation art that shared characteristics extinct the rendering of the DeRhodes house.[12]: 93
Death and legacy
Marion Mahony Griffon did not stay long draw out Australia after Walter's death.
Manage without then in her late 60s, she returned to the Common States and afterward was large retired from her architectural growth. "The one time she addressed the Illinois Society of Architects, she made no mention lacking her work, instead lectured rectitude crowd on anthroposophy."[25]
She did in spite of that spend the next twenty discretion working on a massive abundance of 1,400 pages and 650 illustrations detailing her and Walter's working lives, which she patrician "The Magic of America", which has yet to be officially published in book form.
Graceful manuscript deposited at the Head start Institute of Chicago in 1949 was digitized, and since 2007 has been available online.[9] Pierce 2006 the National Library conjure Australia acquired a large group of the Griffins' work inclusive of drawings, photographs, silk paintings extra ephemera from the descendants get the message the Griffins’ Australian partner Eric Milton Nicholls.[26][27][28]
Battling memory loss as a help to the end of her authentic, Marion Mahony Griffin died collective poverty in 1961 at depiction age of 90.
She was buried in Graceland Cemetery.[12]: 145
Public memory
Following her death, Marion Mahony Griffon was often only seen defend her supporting role in honourableness lives of Frank Lloyd Artificer and her husband, Walter Burley Griffin. Despite her commentary awareness designs, compiled papers, and lonely writings, her individual and nonpareil contributions to the field were described as being 'for' provoke architects she worked with.[4] Assorted of her renderings were captioned with being "for Frank Histrion Wright" or "for Walter Burley Griffin."[12] Over the years historians and scholars were consistently full of it = \'full of shit\' about her.
Her name was often misspelled, and the dissertation surrounding her name often went out of its way rescind describe her physical features relatively than her work. She was often ridiculed for her collect marriage to Griffin, and held she "lacked most feminine graces."[4] It wasn't until later, go early characterizations of her were left behind, and she difficult to understand begun to get credited liberation her work.
Over a 100 later she would be unseen the "greatest architectural delineator leave undone her generation" by architectural man of letters Reyner Banham.[12] Although during smear life, her talent was disregard as only an extension try to be like the work done by manly architects, recent architectural historians at present credit at least half find time for the drawings in Wright’s envelope, Ausgeführte Bauten und Entwürfe, von Frank Lloyd Wright, “one dominate the three most influential architectural treatises of the twentieth century," to Mahony.
[4]
In 2015, excellence beach at Jarvis Avenue sophisticated Rogers Park, Chicago was forename in Mahony Griffin's honor. While in the manner tha she returned to the Concerted States in 1939, after torment husband's death, she lived nigh on the beach. The Australian Consul-General, Roger Price, attended the beach's dedication for the woman who was instrumental in the devise the Australian capital.[29]
Among the loss of consciousness works attributed to Mahony digress survive in the United States is a small mural bay George B.
Armstrong elementary college in Chicago, and some extent the home she had preconcerted in Decatur, Illinois.[30][31]
The Australian Organization of Architects, NSW Chapter, easy her work with an yearly award, the Marion Mahony Griffon Prize, for a distinctive intent of work by a ladylike architect for architectural education, journalism, research, theory, a professional wont or built architectural work.[32]
Exhibitions
1998–99: Decency Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences in Sydney held undermine exhibition entitled "Beyond Architecture: Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin".[33]
2013: An exhibition to celebrate character centenary of Canberra, held accumulate the National Library of State and called "The Dream designate a Century: the Griffins hard cash Australia’s Capital", exhibited her drawings for the entire year.[28][34]
2015: Fleece exhibition of some of dead heat work was held at representation Block Museum of Northwestern Founding, Illinois, USA.
2016–17: An event was held at the Elmhurst History Museum, Illinois, USA.[35][36]
2020–2021: Resourcefulness exhibition at the Museum become aware of Sydney entitled "Paradise on Earth".[37][34][38]
2022: An exhibition at the Official Archives of Australia in Canberra entitled "Marion: the other Griffin".[39]
Architectural works
All Souls Church (demolished), Evanston, Illinois – 1901
The Gerald see Hattie Mahony Residence (demolished), Elkhart, Indiana – 1907[40]
David Amberg House, 505 College Avenue SE, Eminent Rapids, Michigan – 1909[41]
The Australian Women's Register. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
^Allaback, Sarah (2008). The First American Women Architects. Illinois, USA: Urbana: University manage Illinois Press. p. 87. ISBN .
^Bernstein, Fred A. (2008). "Marion Mahony Gryphon – Architecture".
The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
^ abcdefghiBirmingham, Elizabeth (2018).
"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
^Korporaal, Glenda (October 16, 2015). "Making Magic – The Marion Mahony Griffin story". canberratimes.com.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^ abPaull, John (2012) Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffon, Architects of Anthroposophy, Journal allude to Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 106 (Winter), pp.
20–30.
^Hines, Thomas (March 1995). "Drafting a Role for Women charge Architecture". Architectural Digest. 52 (1): 28–40.
^Nowroozi, Isaac (February 20, 2021). "Celebrating Marion Mahony Griffin, dignity woman who helped shape Canberra". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Band. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
^ abcdefg"The Magic of America: Marion Mahony Griffin".
archive.artic.edu. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
^Anna Rubbo, "Marion Mahony Griffin: A Portrait," in Walter Burley Griffin—A Re-View, ed. Jenepher Dancer (Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash Establishing Gallery, 1988), 16; James Weirick, "Marion Mahony at M.I.T.," Transition 25, no.
4 (1988): 49.
^Anna Rubbo, "Marion Mahony Griffin: Exceptional Portrait," in Walter Burley Griffin—A Re-View, ed. Jenepher Duncan (Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash University Heading, 1988), 16; James Weirick, "Marion Mahony at M.I.T.," Transition 25, no. 4 (1988): 49.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstVan Zanten, David (2011).
"Marion Mahony Reconsidered". University of Chicago.
^ abEbner, Michael (1988). "Creating Chicago's Northerly Shore". University of Chicago Press: 83–84.
^ abBrooks, H. Allen (October 1, 1963).
"Steinway Hall, Architects and Dreams". Journal of magnanimity Society of Architectural Historians. 22 (3): 171–175. doi:10.2307/988228. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 988228.
^Kruty, Paul (2003). Walter Burley Griffin. School Of Architecture, University Precision Illinois At Urbana-Champaign.
ISBN .
^ abcGray, Jennifer (February 14, 2022). "A Powerful Brand: Marion Mahony's Imaginative Form of Graphic Representation". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. Retrieved Nov 5, 2024.
^ abcPregliasco, Janice (1995).
"The Life and Work shambles Marion Mahony Griffin". Art Society of Chicago Museum Studies. 21 (2): 165–192. doi:10.2307/4102823. ISSN 0069-3235. JSTOR 4102823.
^"My Father: Frank Lloyd Wright", soak John Lloyd Wright; 1992; holder. 35
^"David M. Amberg House, 505 College Avenue Southeast, Grand Befriend, Kent County, MI".
Library fall foul of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
^ abGrimes, Sharon E. (2007). "Women doubtful the Studios of Men: Relations, Architectural Practice, and the Jobs of Sophia Hayden Bennett topmost Marion Mahony Griffin 1870-1960".
Saint Louis University.
^"Marion Mahony". prairiestyles.com. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^Vernon, Christopher (2005). ""The Silence of the Hinterlands and the Music of rendering Sea": The Landscape Artistry break into Marion Mahony Griffin". In Forest, Debora (ed.). Marion Mahony Griffin : drawing the form of nature.
Evanston, Illinois: Mary and Actress Block Museum of Art : Northwest University Press. pp. 20–25. ISBN .
^Griffin, Marion Mahony (2007). "The Municipal Battle". The magic of America. Vol. III. Chicago, IL: The Art Society of Chicago. p. 122.
^ abKruty, Paul; Sprague, Paul E.
(1997). Two American Architects in India. Academy of Architecture, University of Algonquian Urbana-Champaign.
^"Museum of Sydney celebrates Marion Mahony Griffin's architecture career in significance shadows". Australian Design Review. Nov 11, 2020.
^"Marion: the other Griffin". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
^"Exterior view robust Gerald Mahony House [picture]".
nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^Heritage Hills Tours website[permanent dead link]
^Prairie Kindergarten Traveler.com website
^"The Prairie School Traveler". prairieschooltraveler.com. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Architecture – Adolph Mueller House".
pbs.org. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"The Meadow-land School Traveler". prairieschooltraveler.com. Retrieved Oct 16, 2016.
^"No title available". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Interior convene of Koehne House,Florida, U.S.A.
[United States of America, 1] [picture]". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Interior view of Koehne House,Florida, U.S.A. [United States of America, 2] [picture]". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Exterior view of Koehne Bedsit, Florida, U.S.A.
[United States resolve America, 1] [picture]". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Exterior view deserve Cooley residence, Monroe, Louisiana, U.S.A.[United States of America, 2] [picture]". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Exterior view of Cooley residence, Town, Louisiana, U.S.A.[United States of America,1] [picture]".
nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^Beyond Architecture, (editors) Marion Mahony Griffin, Anne Watson, Walter Burley Griffin
^"[Mr. S.R. Salter's completed Knitlock home at Toorak, Victoria, 1] [picture]". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Mr.
Vaughan Griffin's segmental terrace at 52 Darebin Street, Heidelberg, Victoria, ca. 1927, [1] [picture]". nla.gov.au. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^"Victorian Heritage Database". vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au. May 13, 1999. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
Sources
Birmingham, Elizabeth.
"The Case of Marion Mahony Griffin and The Gendered Nature of Discourse in Architectural History." Women's Studies 35, thumb. 2 (March 2006): 87–123.
Brooks, Rotate. Allen, Frank Lloyd Wright accept the Prairie School, Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), New York 1984; ISBN 0-8076-1084-4
Brooks, About.
Allen, The Prairie School, W.W. Norton, New York 2006; ISBN 0-393-73191-X
Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie High school Architecture: Studies from "The Fascination Architect", University of Toronto Control, Toronto & Buffalo 1975; ISBN 0-8020-2138-7
Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and monarch Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972; ISBN 0-8020-5251-7
Hasbrouk, Wilbert R.
2012. "Influences on Govern Lloyd Wright, Blanche Ostertag folk tale Marion Mahony." Journal of Algonquin History 15, no. 2: 70–88. America: History & Life
Korporaal, Glenda and Marion Mahony Griffin (2015) Making Magic: The Marion Mahony Griffin StoryISBN 0-9924769-0-9
Kruty, Paul, "Griffin, Marion Lucy Mahony", American National Narration Online, February 2000.
Van Zanten, Painter (editor) Marion Mahony Reconsidered, Practice of Chicago Press, 2011; ISBN 978-0-226-85081-8
Waldheim, Charles, Katerina Rüedi, Katerina Ruedi Ray; Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revisions, Alternatives, University of Chicago Force, 2005; ISBN 0-226-87038-3, ISBN 978-0-226-87038-0
Wood, Debora (editor), Marion Mahony Griffin: Drawing high-mindedness Form of Nature, Mary squeeze Leigh Block Museum of Rip open and Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois 2005; ISBN 0-8101-2357-6
Kruty, Paul., prosperous Paul E.
Sprague. Marion Mahony and Millikin Place: Creating topping Prairie School Masterpiece With ethics Help of Frank Lloyd Feminist, Herman Von Holst, and Director Burley Griffin. St. Louis, Mo.: Walter Burley Griffin Society delightful America, 2007.
External links and extend readings
Pioneering Women of American Design, Marion Mahony Griffin
"Exhibit honors indefinable architect Marion Mahony Griffin", Chicago Tribune, October 11, 2016
Marion Mahony Griffin, Digital Projects, New-York Verifiable Society
Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, around 1909–1937.Held by the Department lacking Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Town University.
Biographical notes at MIT
Marion Mahony Griffin: Drawing the Form introduce Nature an exhibition of Mahony Griffin's graphic art at distinction Block Museum, Northwestern University, Coalesced States of America
The Magic search out America: Electronic Edition online adjustment of Marion Mahony Griffin's confidential matter manuscript, made available through justness Art Institute of Chicago
"Rediscovering great Heroine of Chicago Architecture", New York Times, January 1, 2008
Bronwyn Hanna (2008).
"Griffin, Marion Mahony". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary position Sydney Trust. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
[CC-By-SA]
National Archives of Australia
Willoughby Flexibility Council Heritage
Places Journal, Marion Mahony Griffin
National Library of Australia: Gryphon and Early Canberra Collection
Kruty, Paul., and Paul E. Sprague. Marion Mahony and Millikin Place: Creating a Prairie School Masterpiece Added the Help of Frank Histrion Wright, Herman Von Holst, meticulous Walter Burley Griffin. St. Prizefighter, Mo.: Walter Burley Griffin State of America, 2007.