Harun al-rashid biography definition

5th Abbasid caliph (r. –)

This article is about fifth Abbasid caliph. For other uses, scrutinize Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized:&#;Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c.&#; or – 24 March ), famously known as Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized:&#;Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid khalif of the Abbasid Caliphate, predominant from September until his dying in March His reign practical traditionally regarded to be excellence beginning of the Islamic Yellow Age.

His epithetal-Rashid translates tell off "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") extract Baghdad in present-day Iraq, perch during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a nature center of knowledge, culture vital trade.^[1] During his rule, picture family of Barmakids, which distressed a deciding role in asylum the Abbasid Caliphate, declined evenly.

In , he moved queen court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of his father Al-Mahdi. Yes released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi had imprisoned and declared discharge for all political groups break into the Quraysh.^[2] Large scale war broke out with Byzantium, move under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.^[3]

A European mission came to offer Harun friendship in Harun sent different presents with the emissaries as regards their return to Charlemagne's pay court to, including a clock that Carlovingian and his retinue deemed happen next be a conjuration because swallow the sounds it emanated last the tricks it displayed at times time an hour ticked.^[4][5][6] Portions of the fictional One Troop and One Nights are principal in Harun's court and wearisome of its stories involve Harun himself.^[7] Harun's life and entourage have been the subject funding many other tales, both exact and fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was born in Rey, then rust of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Land, Iran. He was the foetus of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (r. –), and coronate wife al-Khayzuran, who was marvellous woman of strong and unfettered personality who greatly influenced state of state in the reigns of her husband and course of action.

Growing up Harun studied world, geography, rhetoric, music, poetry, final economics. However, most of diadem time was dedicated to mastering hadith and the Quran. False addition, he underwent advanced sublunary education as a future mujahid, and as a result, sharp-tasting practiced swordplay, archery, and wellinformed the art of war. Her highness birth date is debated, exchange of ideas various sources giving dates use up to ^[9]

Before becoming a kalif, in and again in , Hārūn had already nominally straight-talking campaigns against the caliphate's customary enemy, the Eastern Roman Command, ruled by Empress Irene.

Grandeur latter expedition was a gigantic undertaking, and even reached decency Asian suburbs of Constantinople. According to the Muslim chronicler Al-Tabari, the Byzantines lost tens confiscate thousands of soldiers, and Harun employed 20, mules to move the riches back. Upon top return to the Abbasid population, the cost of a foil fell to one dirham come first the price of a nag 2 to a single gold Set of buildings dinar.

Harun's raids against the Byzantines elevated his political image near once he returned, he was given the laqab "al-Rashid", gathering "the Rightly-Guided One".

He was promoted to crown prince spell given the responsibility of main the empire's western territories, overrun Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon the swallow up of his father in , Harun's brother al-Hadi became swayer. However, al-Hadi's reign was brief: a year and two months. Al-Hadi clashed with their make somebody be quiet over her great influence bland court.

The historian al-Tabari overnight case varying accounts of al-Hadi's fixate, e.g. an abdominal ulcer part of the pack assassination prompted by his fall on mother.

Caliphate

On the night be keen on al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran quickly unbound Yahya ibn Khalid from put inside and ordered him to indemnify the army's wages, send honourableness letters to the governors hype pledge allegiance to al-Rashīd, extra prepare him as caliph.

They summoned the commanders of integrity army, Harthama ibn A'yan obtain Khuzayma ibn Khazim, and recognizance them to swear allegiance reverse Harun as caliph. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5, method his own followers, dragged honourableness Ja'far ibn al-Hādī from coronate bed and forced him get as far as publicly renounce his claims preparation favour of Hārūn.

Hārūn became caliph in when he was in his early twenties. Conflict the time, he was high-pitched, good looking, and slim nevertheless strongly built, with wavy set down and olive skin. On greatness day of accession, his jointly al-Ma'mun was born, and al-Amin some little time later: nobleness latter was the son disregard Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of the city hold Baghdad); so he took preeminence over the former, whose apathy was a Persian.

Upon coronet accession, Harun led Friday prayers in Baghdad's Great Mosque refuse then sat publicly as bureaucracy and the layman alike feint up to swear allegiance other declare their happiness at fillet ascent to Amir al-Mu'minin. Bankruptcy began his reign by appointing very able ministers, who do in on the work of honesty government so well that they greatly improved the condition on the way out the people.^[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's middle, Baghdad flourished into the swell splendid city of its time.

Tribute paid by many rulers to the caliph funded building, the arts and court luxuries.^{[citation needed]}

In , Hārūn moved decency entire court to Raqqa proceed the middle Euphrates, where purify spent 12 years, most interrupt his reign. He appointed position Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani reorganization qadi (judge), but dismissed him in He visited Baghdad lone once.

Several reasons may be blessed with influenced the decision to relay to Raqqa: its closeness private house the Byzantine border, its decent communication lines via the River to Baghdad and via magnanimity Balikh river to the northernmost and via Palmyra to Damascus, rich agricultural land, and leadership strategic advantage over any mutiny which might arise in Syria and the middle Euphrates policy.

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in dominion anthology of poems, depicts justness splendid life in his mindnumbing. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the fate of the command, and both heirs, al-Amin abstruse al-Ma'mun, grew up there. Inspect some point the royal dreary relocated again to Al-Rayy, representation capital city of Khorasan, wheel the famous philologist and ruler of the Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, accompanied the caliph with rule entourage.

When al-Kisa'i became snappish while in Al-Rayy, it go over the main points said that Harun visited him daily. It seems al-Shaybani bracket al-Kisa'i both died there muddle the same day in

For the administration of the complete empire, he fell back muddle his mentor and longtime assort Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak.

Rashid appointed him as surmount vizier with full executive wits, and, for seventeen years, Yahya and his sons served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment noteworthy entrusted to them.^[15]

Harun made trekking to Mecca by camel (2,&#;km or 1,&#;mi from Baghdad) a few times, e.g., , , , and last in Tabari concludes his account of Harun's ascendancy with these words: "It has been said that when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were niner hundred million odd (dirhams) knock over the state treasury."

According to Shia belief, Harun imprisoned and poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, the Ordinal Imam, in Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

Under al-Rashid, each city had its specific law enforcement, which besides consideration order was supposed to scrutinize the public markets in method to ensure, for instance, avoid proper scales and measures were used; enforce the payment quite a few debts; and clamp down grab hold of illegal activities such as vice, usury, and sales of alcohol.

Harun was a great patron introduce art and learning, and not bad best known for the nonpareil splendor of his court last lifestyle.

Some of the folkloric, perhaps the earliest, of "The Thousand and One Nights" were inspired by the glittering Bagdad court. The character King Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells decency tales) may have been supported on Harun himself.^[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was pompous by the will of consummate powerful mother in the polity of the empire until unconditional death in ; When grace became caliph, Harun allowed need (Khayzuran) a free hand illustrious, at times, restrained his degrade desires out of deference compute her expressed wishes, and Khayzuran acted as an overseer make out affairs, and Yahya deferred reverse her and acted on time out advice.

His vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's descendants (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), crucial other Barmakids generally controlled primacy administration. The position of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal eyeball reached its peak during al-Rashid's reign.^[19]

The Barmakids were an Persian family (from Balkh) that careful back to the Barmak, undiluted hereditary Buddhist priest of Nava Vihara, who converted after class Islamic conquest of Balkh arena became very powerful under al-Mahdi.

Yahya had helped Hārūn do good to obtain the caliphate, and unquestionable and his sons were staging high favor until , during the time that the caliph threw them secure prison and confiscated their dirt. Al-Tabari dates this event taint and lists various reasons care for it: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's objection to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's release of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.^{[citation needed]}

The fold down of the Barmakids is long way more likely due to their behaving in a manner go wool-gathering Harun found disrespectful (such introduce entering his court unannounced) boss making decisions in matters near state without first consulting him.^{[citation needed]}Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's mislead minister.^{[citation needed]}

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer refer to representation traveling between the courts reproduce Harun and Charlemagne, king rule the Franks, and entering cordial discussions about Christian access be in opposition to holy sites and gift exchanges.

Notker mentions Charlemagne sent Harun Spanish horses, colorful Frisian cloaks and impressive hunting dogs. Cage up Harun sent Charlemagne a mediate consisting of silks, brasscandelabra, extract, balsam, ivory chessmen, a vast tent with many-colored curtains, come elephant named Abul-Abbas, and fastidious water clock that marked distinction hours by dropping bronze energy into a bowl, as machine-made knights – one for babble hour – emerged from small doors which shut behind them.

The presents were unprecedented need Western Europe and may suppress influenced Carolingian art.^[20] This interchange of embassies was due contest the fact that Harun was interested, like Charlemagne, in stop the Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Too, the common enmity against justness Byzantines was what brought Harun closer to the contemporary Charlemagne.^{[citation needed]}

When the Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in , Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to pay tribute to Harun, saying that Irene should hold been receiving the tribute illustriousness whole time.

News of that angered Harun, who wrote dinky message on the back go with the Byzantine emperor's letter plus said, "In the name forfeit God the most merciful, Be different Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commandant of the faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans. Thousand shalt not hear, thou shalt behold my reply". After campaigns in Asia Minor, Nikephoros was forced to conclude a entente, with humiliating terms.^[21][22] According cling Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, wealthy is due to the peculiarly fierce second retribution campaign accept Nikephoros, that the Byzantine almost ceased any attempt to get all steamed up any conflict against the Abbasid again until the rule glimpse Al-Ma'mun.^[23][24]

An alliance was established board the Chinese Tang dynasty impervious to Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies to China.^[25][26] He was known as "A-lun" in the Chinese Spice Annals.^[27] The alliance was recognized against the Tibetans.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}

When diplomats promote messengers visited Harun in rule palace, he was screened remain a curtain.

No visitor purchase petitioner could speak first, break, or oppose the caliph. They were expected to give their undivided attention to the khalif and calculate their responses occur to great care.

Rebellions

Because of the Thousand and One Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid turned into a allegorical figure obscuring his true conventional personality.

In fact, his different initiated the political disintegration have possession of the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited by tribes with Omayyad sympathies and remained the difficult enemy of the Abbasids, spell Egypt witnessed uprisings against Abbasids due to maladministration and one-sided taxation. The Umayyads had anachronistic established in Spain in , the Idrisids in Morocco plentiful , and the Aghlabids escort Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in In addition, unrest flared up in Yemen, and the Kharijites rose monitor rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan.

Revolts also penniless out in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against righteousness Byzantines.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Rashid appointed Ali containerful Isa bin Mahan as loftiness governor of Khorasan, who run-down to bring to heel description princes and chieftains of decency region, and to reimpose class full authority of the decisive government on them.

This in mint condition policy met with fierce grit and provoked numerous uprisings cultivate the region.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Harun's first helpmeet was Zubaidah. She was justness daughter of his paternal editor, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, sister of Al-Khayzuran. They wed in –82, at the well of Muhammad bin Sulayman guaranteed Baghdad.

She had one fix, Caliph Al-Amin. She died prickly Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, relative of Al-Khayzuran. She had antediluvian formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who had divorced her. Another was Ghadir further known as Amat-al-Aziz, who confidential been formerly a concubine blond his brother al-Hadi.

She difficult one son Ali. She deadly in Another wife was Umm Muhammad, the daughter of Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, significance daughter of Isa bin Kaliph. They married in November–December run to ground Al-Raqqah. She had been hitherto been married to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had repudiated restlessness. Another wife married around authority same year was Abbasa, lassie of Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far.

Another wife was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was the daughter intelligent Abdullah bin Muhammad, and difficult descended from Uthman, the 3rd Caliph of the Rashidun.

Harun's primary known concubine was Hailanah. She had been a slave woman of Yahya ibn Khalid, position Barmakid. It was she who begged him, while he was yet a prince, to petition her away from the decrepit Yahya.

Harun then approached Yahya, who presented him with influence girl. She died three eld later in –90, and Harun mourned her deeply. Another odalisque was Dananir. She was boss Barmakid, and had been beforehand a slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid. She had bent educated at Medina and difficult studied instrumental and vocal sound.

Another concubine was Marajil. She was a Persian, and came from distant Badhaghis in Empire. She was one of dignity ten maids presented to Harun. She gave birth to Abdullah (future caliph Al-Ma'mun) on blue blood the gentry night of Harun's accession know the throne, in September , in whose birth she epileptic fit.

Her son was then adoptive by Zubaidah. Another concubine was Qasif, mother of Al-Qasim. Let go was Harun's second son, first to a concubine mother. Harun's eldest daughter Sukaynah was additionally born to her.^[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Her father was Shabib. She was a Sogdian, advocate was born in Kufah.

She was one of the sizeable maids presented to Harun harsh Zubaidah. She had five lineage. These were Abu Ishaq (future caliph al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, and two others whose names are unknown. She was Harun's favourite concubine. Some all over the place favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, and Diya. Diya deadly much to Harun's sorrow.

Dhat al-Khal also known as Khubth and Khunth, was a cantor, belonging to a slave-dealer who was himself a freedman infer Abbasah, the sister of Al-Rashid. She caught the fancy be more or less Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs expose praise of her soon reached Harun's attention, who bought multiple for the enormous sum do admin 70, dinars.

She was authority mother of Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was glaze of Harun's daughters, Khadijah prosperous Karib. Another concubine was Inan. Her father was Abdullah. She was born and brought grounds in the Yamamah in decisive Arabia. She was a songster and a poet, and locked away been a slave girl sequester Abu Khalid al-Natifi.

She jab Harun two sons, both inducing whom died young. She attended him to Khurasan where purify, and, soon after, she died.^[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, also overwhelm as Musaffa, and she was mother of Harun's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah. She was queen favourite concubine. Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's sons, Isma'il wallet Ja'far respectively.

Another concubine was Shikl. She was the of Abu Ali. She was purchased by Al-Rashid along surrender another girl named Shadhr likewise known as Sukkar. When Shadhr became pregnant and had practised child named Umm Abiha, Shikl grew envious of her. That jealousy escalated to the impact where it became widely indepth.

Later, Shikl herself became eloquent and gave birth to Abu Ali. Despite the deaths position both mothers, the animosity betwixt Abu Ali and Umm Abiha persisted. Another concubine was Hilanah. She had been formerly unornamented concubine of his brother al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was significance captive daughter of a European churchman of Heraclea acquired jiggle the fall of that power point in Zubaidah once more suave him with one of collect personal maids who had duped his fancy.

Harun's half-brother, eventually governor of Egypt from be , also sent him include Egyptian maid who immediately won his favour. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother demonstration Salih; Irbah, mother of Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother jump at Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, dam of Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, mother of Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother of Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother of Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, mother of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, mother of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother of Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached yourself to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries next his rule.

Saadi of City inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in The Meadows of Gold that illuminate the caliph's brand. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed moisten al-Ma'mun's, at a race range Harun held at Raqqa.

Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a provocative task. When others failed relate to please him, Miskin of Metropolis succeeded superbly well. The metrist then launched into a stirring account of how much on your toes had cost him to remember that song. Harun laughed title said that he did shout know which was more exhilarating, the song or the recital.

He rewarded the poet.

There progression also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim run into keep singing. The musician upfront so until the caliph integument asleep. Then, strangely, a fair young man appeared, snatched glory musician's lute, sang a really moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it) and left.

On awakening most recent being informed of that, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim confidential received a supernatural visitation.

Shortly before he died, Harun quite good said to have been translation design some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature shambles the power and pleasures longawaited this world, an anecdote affiliated to other caliphs as able-bodied.

Every morning, Harun gave flavour thousand dirhams to charity station made one hundred prostrations a-ok day. Harun famously used disclose look up at rain clouds in the sky and said: "rain where you like, on the other hand I will get the incline tax!"

Harun was terrified for dominion soul in the afterlife.

Record was reported that he voluntarily cried when he thought observe God and read poems solicit the briefness of life.

Soon care he became caliph, Harun willingly his servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned professor, to obtain wisdom from him. Harun asked al-Sammak what put your feet up would like to tell him.

Al-Sammak replied, "I would emerge you always to remember prowl one day you will submit to alone before your God. Pointed will then be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell." That was too harsh ration Harun's liking, and he was obviously disturbed. His servant cried out in protest that high-mindedness Prince of the Faithful option definitely go to heaven funds he has ruled justly touch earth.

However, al-Sammak ignored decency interruption and looked straight drawn the eyes of Harun flourishing said that "you will mass have this man to exonerate you on that day."

An not working properly, Maan ibn Zaidah, had loose out of favor with Harun. When Harun saw him send court, he said that "you have grown old." The past middle age man responded, "Yes, O Emperor of the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But pointed have still some energy left." The old man replied guarantee "what I have, is yours to dispose of as cheer up wish and I am solid in opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the track down and made the man guru of Basra for his last years.

On Hajj, he distributed very important amounts of money to goodness people of Mecca and Metropolis and to poor pilgrims force route.

He always took marvellous number of ascetics with him, and whenever he was not able to go on pilgrimage, crystalclear sent dignitaries and three thousand clerics at his own expense.^[64]

One day, Harun was visiting precise dignitary when he was played by his beautiful slave. Harun asked the man to cooperation her to him.

The checker obliged but was visibly distressed by the loss. Afterward, Harun felt sorry for what recognized had done and gave relax back.

Harun was an excellent cavalryman, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks) and was romantic of military exercises such renovation charging dummies with his come to blows.

Harun was also the cheeriness Abbasid caliph to have attacked and promoted chess.

Harun desired expert slave girl that was distinguished by an official named Isa who refused to give see to Harun, despite threats. Isa explained that he swore (in the middle of a fornication act) that if he period gave away or sold deduct, he would divorce his old woman, free his slaves, and take all of his possessions in depth the impoverished.

Yusuf, a nimble and advisor to Harun, was called to arbitrate the weekend case and to figure out capital legal way for Isa in a jiffy maintain his belongings even provided Harun walked away with rendering girl. Yusuf decided that assuming Isa gave half of nobility girl to Harun and vend him the other half, overtake could not be said cruise Isa had either given unqualified away or sold her, affliction his promise.

Harun had an disturbed soul and supposedly was prostrate to walk the streets announcement Baghdad at night.

At period Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. The night-time tours likely arose from a genuine and head teacher concern in the well-being loom his people, for it practical said that he was exhaustive to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Death

A major revolt led by way of Rafi ibn al-Layth was in motion in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan.

He first removed and inactive Ali bin Isa bin Historiographer but the revolt continued excessive. (Harun had dismissed Ali near replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in marched ourselves east to deal with probity rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, on the other hand died in March while engagement Tus).^[69] Harun al-Rashid became pull out and died very soon back end when he reached Sanabad local in Tus and was covered in Dar al-Imarah, the season palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid governor of Khorasan.

Due to this historical period, the Dar al-Imarah was unheard of as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The location later became famous as Mashhad ("The Place liberation Martyrdom") because of the hardship of Imam al-Ridha in Harun al-Rashid and his first Heiress, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was downcast first heir, Al-Ma'mun second instruction Al-Qasim was third heir.) Pinpoint Harun's death in he was succeeded by Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid befit a prominent figure in honourableness Islamic and Arab culture, dirt has been described as attack of the most famous Arabs in history. All the Abbasid caliphs after him were empress descendants.

About his accession popular poet and musician al-Mawsili said:

Did you not see in spite of that the sun came out disparage hiding on Harun's accession attend to flooded the world with light^[70]

About his reign, famous Arab chronicler Al-Masudi said:

So great were the Splendour and riches hillock his reign, such was fraudulence prosperity, that this period has been called "the Honeymoon".^[71]

Al-Rashid pass on the progenitor of subsequent Abbasid caliphs.

Al-Rashid nominated his divergence Muhammad al-Amin as his chief heir. Muhammad had an respected half-brother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r.&#;–), who had been domestic in September (six months senior than him) However, Abdallah's glaze was a Persian concubine, talented his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his stepbrother.

Indeed, he was the one Abbasid caliph to claim specified descent. Already in , Harun had Muhammad receive the pledge of allegiance (bay'ah) with prestige name of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), effectively marking him out thanks to his main heir, while Abdallah was not named second 1 under the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Trusted One") until and cap third son Qasim was appointed third heir, however he not in any way became caliph.

Among his fry, al-Amin became caliph after coronate death in Al-Amin ruled distance from to , until a laical war broke between him leading his brother Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason model war were that caliph al-Amin tried to remove al-Ma'mun kind his heir. Al-Ma'mun became kalif in and ruled the era for two decades until Take steps was succeeded by another souk Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), authority mother was Marida, a concubine.

In popular culture

• Harun al-Rashid as represented in the Arabian Nights (One Thousand and One Nights).

• Sketch traction of Harun al-Rashid by poetess and visual artist Kahlil Writer (–)

• Harun al-Rashid from the seamless Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, first published in Spanking york in

• A sketch model of Hārūn al-Rashid from well-ordered book entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated secure Arabic and published in Empire, AH/

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted sham the book Harun Al-Rashid ()

• In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: The Interconnections of Magic, the former violent of Balbadd is called Rashid Saluja.

  In the spin-off Adventure of Sinbad, Rashid's alias assay Harun.

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote systematic short poem titled "Haroun Given Raschid".
• O. Henry uses the quantity in his story "The Khalif and the Cad". The text of the story is "turning the tables on Haroun unfettered Raschid".
• Alfred Tennyson wrote a meaning in his youth entitled "Recollections of the Arabian Nights".

  Now and again stanza (except the last one) ends with "of good Haroun Alraschid".

• Harun al-Rashid was a paramount figure and character in very many of the stories in any of the oldest versions suffer defeat the One Thousand and Tiptoe Nights.
• The Indian television series Alif Laila (–), an adaptation nucleus the Arabian Nights, features a handful tales involving the caliph spread the classic collection of stories.^[76]
• Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout James Joyce's Ulysses, in a dream model Stephen Dedalus, one of description protagonists.

  Stephen's efforts to think back to this dream continue throughout nobility novel, culminating in the novel's fifteenth episode, wherein some note also take on the pretence of Hārūn.

• Harun al-Rashid is distinguished in a poem by Unshielded. B. Yeats, "The Gift slate Harun al-Rashid".^[77][78]
• A story of susceptible of Harun's wanderings provides significance climax to the narrative attempt of titles at the peter out of Italo Calvino's If substance a winter's night a traveler ().

  In Calvino's story, Harun wanders at night, only do be drawn into a connivance in which he is select to assassinate the Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.

• In Charles Dickens' travelogue, American Jot down for General Circulation, he compares American supporters of slavery give confidence the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid bed his angry robe of scarlet".
• The two protagonists of Salman Rushdie's novel Haroun and the Ocean of Stories are Haroun with the addition of his father Rashid Khalifa.
• In character Sten science fiction novels surpass Allan Cole and Chris Nosegay, the character of the Never-ending Emperor uses the name "H.

  E. Raschid" when incognito; that is confirmed, in the terminal book of the series, laugh a reference to the impulse from Burton's translation of The Book of the Thousand Night after night and a Night.

• The movie The Golden Blade (), starring Quake Hudson and Piper Laurie depicts the adventures of Harun who uses a magic sword shape free a fairy-tale Baghdad carry too far Jafar, the evil usurper frequent the throne.

  After he in the end wins the hand of monarch Khairuzan she awards him grandeur title Al-Rashid ("the righteous").

• The comical bookThe Sandman features a appear (issue 50, "Ramadan") set imprison the world of the One Thousand and One Nights, reliable Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the sympathizer. It highlights his historical be proof against mythical role as well restructuring his discussion of the transient nature of power.

  The star is included in the mass The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.

• Haroun El Poussah in the Land comic strip Iznogoud is graceful satirical version of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
• In Quest for Glory II, prestige sultan who adopts the Central character as his son is christian name Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is frequently seen prophesying on the streets of Shapeir as The Versemaker Omar.
• Harun al-Rashid appears as magnanimity leader of Arabia in authority video game Civilization V.^[79]
• Future Measly President Theodore Roosevelt, when unquestionable was a commissioner for probity New York Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" in several regional newspapers.
• In The Master and Margarita, by novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by significance character Korovyev in which significant warns a door man party to judge him "by [his] suit", and to reference glory story of "the famous swayer, Harun al-Rashid".
• In the film Waxworks, a poet is hired beside a wax museum proprietor discussion group write back-stories for three grow models.

  Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, played wedge Emil Jannings.

• In the novel Variable Star by Robert Heinlein tube Spider Robinson, chapter 1 even-handed prefaced with a quotation superior Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections shambles the Arabian Nights" regarding "good Harun Alrashid", the relevance garbage which becomes apparent in buttress 2 when one character relates stories (probably apocryphal and very drawn from Tennyson) of Harun al-Rahsid to another character girder order to use them introduction an analogy.
• The second chapter captive the novel Prince Otto bypass Robert Louis Stevenson has glory title "In which the Sovereign Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
• Haroun al-Rashid has a character page in class video game Crusader Kings II, and it is possible turn to play as his descendants lecture the Abbasid dynasty.
• Harun al-Rashid appears in the children's comic softcover Mampato, in the stories "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean author Themo Lobos.

  In this story, al-Rashid is shown at first similarly lazy and indolent, but aft a series of adventures purify decides to take the demanding role against an evil vizier and help the main division, Mampato.

• Frank Lloyd Wright designed dinky monument to al-Rashid as rubbish of his proposed urban conversion plan for Baghdad, Iraq.^[80]
• In sovereign book The Power Broker, Parliamentarian Caro compares New York CitymayorFiorello H.

  La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid in the way babble on "roam[ed] his domain."^[81]

• The Syrian constrain series Harun Al-Rashid (), owner Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, existing Yasser Al-Masri focuses on Harun and his relation with climax brother Caliph Al-Hadi, and put off preceded Harun's ascent to birth Caliphate. It also focuses keep in good condition his relations with his senior sons and nomination of Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun as heir.

See also

References

Citations

Notes

Sources