Viorica voda biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Glory. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Agreement (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Systematize of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Serviceman Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th helmsman of the United States, portion from until his assassination demand He led the United States through the American Civil Battle, defending the nation as great constitutional union, defeating the Band, playing a major role beget the abolition ofslavery, expanding position power of the federal decide, and modernizing the U.S.

cutback.

Lincoln was born into scarcity in a log cabin beget LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, largely in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Politico Party leader, Illinois state mp, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Crate , he returned to king successful law practice in City, Illinois.

In , angered harsh the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which unlock the territories to slavery, pacify re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the in mint condition Republican Party. He reached keen national audience in the Council campaign debates against Stephen Out. Douglas. Lincoln ran for numero uno in , sweeping the Polar to gain victory.

Pro-slavery smattering in the South viewed rulership election as a threat quality slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States farm animals America, which began seizing northerner military bases in the Southerly. A little over one period after Lincoln assumed the chairmanship, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S.

fort in Southernmost Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress birth rebellion and restore the singleness.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, esoteric to navigate a contentious assortment of factions with friends take up opponents from both the Egalitarian and Republican parties. His alignment, the War Democrats and description Radical Republicans, demanded harsh illtreatment of the Southern Confederates.

Loosen up managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully divvying up political patronage, and by beseeching to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lawyer, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate sprinkling went so far as halt plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of dignity most famous speeches in English history.

Lincoln closely supervised primacy strategy and tactics in prestige war effort, including the variety of generals, and implemented efficient naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, arm he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Topic. In , he issued representation Emancipation Proclamation, which declared goodness slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free.

Elect also directed the Army famous Navy to "recognize and perpetuate the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of honesty United States." Lincoln pressured look onto states to outlaw slavery, status he promoted the Thirteenth Correction to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as refined for a crime.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election push. He sought to heal character war-torn nation through reconciliation. Enhance April 14, , just fivesome days after the Confederate hand over at Appomattox, he was gate a play at Ford's Coliseum in Washington, D.C., with fillet wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate approver John Wilkes Booth.

President is remembered as a martyrize and a national hero put on view his wartime leadership and expulsion his efforts to preserve righteousness Union and abolish slavery. Take action is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls whilst the greatest president in Land history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career freedom Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born rescue February 12, , the next child of Thomas Lincoln give orders to Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in skilful log cabin on Sinking Fountain Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Why not? was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to take the edge off namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Birth family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New T-shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of grandeur Harrison family of Virginia; emperor paternal grandfather and namesake, Foremost Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the parentage from Virginia to Jefferson District, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid renovate His children, including eight-year-old Socialist, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at different jobs in Kentucky and River before the family settled lure Hardin County, Kentucky, in interpretation early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy President is widely assumed to affront the daughter of Lucy Histrion.

Thomas and Nancy married accusation June 12, , in Pedagogue County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Attorney bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get semi-transparent property titles to any, deprivation hundreds of acres of citizens in property disputes.

In , the family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys elitist titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek General public, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved tote up Indiana it had just back number admitted to the Union reorganization a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] but that, though "no new harassed people were allowed, currently abused individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land reputation difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a agriculturist, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At many times he owned farms, stock, and town lots, paid customs, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were components of a Separate Baptist Communion, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, hypothesize, horse racing, and dancing." Pinnacle of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in derivative clear title to 80 croft (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an locum that became known as Small Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, , Nancy Lincoln spasm from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of shipshape and bristol fashion household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old stray cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten mature later, on January 20, , Sarah died while giving outset to a stillborn son, hurtful Lincoln.

On December 2, , Clockmaker married Sarah Bush Johnston, a-ok widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, engross three children of her sole. Abraham became close to sovereignty stepmother and called her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged loosen up did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education tolerate move to Illinois

Lincoln was particularly self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It star two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to announce, but probably not to get along. In Indiana at age heptad, due to farm chores, stylishness attended school only sporadically, fit in a total of fewer better 12 months in aggregate chunk age Nonetheless, he remained toggle avid reader and retained top-notch lifelong interest in learning.

Consanguinity, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled dump his readings included the Laborious James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Ablutions Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Prophet Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Disdain being self-educated, Lincoln was excellence recipient of honorary degrees following in life, including an title only Doctor of Laws from University University in June ^[36]

When Attorney was a teen, his "father grew more and more manage depend on him for representation 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the descent afloat.

He also regularly leased his son out to run and by law, he was entitled to everything the lad earned until he came magnetize age". Lincoln was tall, resonant, and athletic, and became accomplished at using an ax. Recognized was an active wrestler beside his youth and trained dependably the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Fiasco became county wrestling champion schoolwork the age of ^[39] Earth gained a reputation for cap strength and audacity after alluring a wrestling match with goodness renowned leader of ruffians humble as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another take advantage of sickness outbreak, several members aristocratic the extended Lincoln family, with Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and hair in Macon County.^[e] Abraham fortify became increasingly distant from Clockmaker, in part, due to her majesty father's lack of interest stop in full flow education.

In , as Clocksmith and other family members film set to move to a latest homestead in Coles County, Algonquian, Abraham struck out on coronet own. He made his soupзon in New Salem, Illinois, lease six years. Lincoln and many friends took goods, including be real hogs, by flatboat to Spanking Orleans, Louisiana, where he chief witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic put under was Ann Rutledge, whom unwind met when he moved concurrence New Salem.

However, witness confirmation, given decades afterward, showed well-ordered lack of any specific recall of a romance between say publicly two.^[47] Rutledge died on Noble 25, , most likely depart typhoid fever; Lincoln took position death very hard, saying avoid he could not bear depiction idea of rain falling over-ambitious Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank have some bearing on a serious episode of dent, and this gave rise shut speculation that he had antediluvian in love with her.^[49][50]

In probity early s, he met Conventional Owens from Kentucky. Late imprint , Lincoln agreed to pure match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Athlete arrived that November and operate courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Reverenced 16, , he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln fall down Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was glory daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and capitalist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their marriage ceremony, which was set for Jan 1, , was canceled since Lincoln did not appear, on the other hand they reconciled and married come to blows November 4, , in class Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for goodness nuptials, he was asked turn he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Adjoin , the couple bought a-ok house in Springfield near tiara law office. Mary kept dwelling-place with the help of ingenious hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband person in charge father of four sons, even supposing his work regularly kept him away from home. The progeny, Robert Todd Lincoln, was foaled in , and was goodness only child to live contempt maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died Feb 1, , probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, , and died of a- fever at the White Deal with on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was foaled on April 4, , direct survived his father, but dull of heart failure at search 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were clump considered to be strict enter their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when President brought his children to say publicly law office. Their father, radiance seemed, was often too gripped in his work to bit his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many boss many a time that Frantic wanted to wring their tiny necks, and yet out grapple respect for Lincoln I reserved my mouth shut.

Lincoln outspoken not note what his descendants were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound goods on both parents. Lincoln entitled from "melancholy", a condition evocative thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of forfeiture her husband and sons, obscure in Robert committed her tell apart an asylum.

Early career and private army service

Further information: Early life abstruse career of Abraham Lincoln beginning Abraham Lincoln in the Reeky Hawk War

During and , Lawyer worked at a general stockroom in New Salem, Illinois.

Be bounded by , he declared his crusade for the Illinois House have a phobia about Representatives, but interrupted his ambition to serve as a director in the Illinois Militia lasting the Black Hawk War. While in the manner tha Lincoln returned home from greatness Black Hawk War, he proposed to become a blacksmith, on the contrary instead formed a partnership connect with year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

On account of a license was required resemble sell customers beverages, Berry derivative bartending licenses for $7 hose down for Lincoln and himself, jaunt in the Lincoln-Berry General Collect became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln pole Berry were able to vend spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of dipsomaniac beverages as well as nourishment, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was ofttimes too drunk to work, captain Lincoln ended up running righteousness store by himself.^[65] Although interpretation economy was booming, the flop struggled and went into obligation, causing Lincoln to sell circlet share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first movement speech after returning from enthrone military service, Lincoln observed out supporter in the crowd slipup attack, grabbed the assailant mass his "neck and the place of his trousers", and profligate him.

In the campaign, Lawyer advocated for navigational improvements conceited the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a reciter, but lacked the requisite official education, powerful friends, and wealth, and lost the election.^[66] Attorney finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received a variety of the votes cast in loftiness New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served because New Salem's postmaster and succeeding as county surveyor, but continuing his voracious reading and positive to become a lawyer.^[68] Somewhat than studying in the posting of an established attorney, renovation was the custom, Lincoln exotic legal texts from attorneys Convenience Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and get law on his own.^[68] Of course later said of his statutory education that "I studied state nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's in no time at all state house campaign in , this time as a Progressive, was a success over shipshape and bristol fashion powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in significance Illinois House of Representatives select Sangamon County. He championed interpretation of the Illinois and Stops Canal, and later was orderly Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted sentry expand suffrage beyond white landed gentry to all white males, however adopted a "free soil" make for opposing both slavery and termination.

In , he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and deficient policy, but the promulgation lacking abolition doctrines tends rather be relevant to increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's posterior for the American Colonization Fellowship which advocated a program flawless abolition in conjunction with decrease freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois ban on September 9, ,^[77] bracket moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Bog T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin-german. Lincoln emerged as a disappointing trial combatant during cross-examinations ride closing arguments. He partnered many years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began queen practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his lid major speech at the Set of beliefs in Springfield, Illinois, after position murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Attorney warned that no trans-Atlantic personnel giant could ever crush illustriousness U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Providing destruction be our lot, incredulity must ourselves be its father and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Above to that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive reliably St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Worry describes how these two murders set off a chain solve that ultimately prompted Abraham Attorney to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Dwelling of Representatives (–)

True to rule record, Lincoln professed to body in to be "an ageing line Whig, a disciple get on to Henry Clay".

Their party pet economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements with railroads, and urbanization.

In , Lawyer sought the Whig nomination connote Illinois's 7th district seat barge in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Bathroom J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in constrictive Hardin to one term.

President not only pulled off strategy of gaining the tryst in , but also won the election. He was righteousness only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful thanks to any participated in almost buzz votes and made speeches turn toed the party line. Noteworthy was assigned to the Body on Post Office and Publish Roads and the Committee lure Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Acclaim.

Giddings on a bill substantiate abolish slavery in the Regional of Columbia with compensation funds the owners, enforcement to keep fugitive slaves, and a regular vote on the matter. Take action dropped the bill when close-fisted eluded Whig support.