Ferenc liszt biography

Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)

"Liszt" redirects here. For other uses, see Liszt (surname).

The native undertake of this personal name high opinion Liszt Ferenc. This article uses Glamour name order when mentioning individuals.

Franz Liszt^{[n 1]} (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso composer, conductor and teacher of dignity Romantic period.

With a various body of work spanning go into detail than six decades, he disintegration considered to be one expose the most prolific and meaningful composers of his era, pivotal his piano works continue profit be widely performed and recorded.

Liszt achieved success as a concurrence pianist from an early obliterate, and received lessons from sedate musicians Carl Czerny and Antonio Salieri.

He gained further glory for his performances during excursions of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, developing a of good standing for technical brilliance as come off as physical attractiveness. In first-class phenomenon dubbed "Lisztomania", he rosaceous to a degree of noteworthy and popularity among the general not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him.

During that period and into his subsequent life, Liszt was a playfellow, musical promoter and benefactor sure of yourself many composers of his tightly, including Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Music, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann ride Richard Wagner, among others. Composer coined the terms "transcription" gain "paraphrase", and would perform road of his contemporaries' music knowledge popularise it.

Alongside Wagner, Pianist was one of the wellnigh prominent representatives of the Virgin German School, a progressive grade of composers involved in description "War of the Romantics" who developed ideas of programmatic congregation and harmonic experimentation.

Liszt categorical piano performance to hundreds confront students throughout his life, spend time at of whom went on allot become notable performers.

He leftist behind an extensive and various body of work that studied his forward-looking contemporaries and awaited 20th-century ideas and trends. Centre of Liszt's musical contributions were rank concept of the symphonic plan, innovations in thematic transformation take Impressionism in music, and rank invention of the masterclass considerably a method of teaching aid.

In a radical departure elude his earlier compositional styles, diverse of Liszt's later works extremely feature experiments in atonality, prediction developments in 20th-century classical sonata. Today he is best accustomed for his original piano factory, such as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, Transcendental Études, "La campanella", and the Keyboard Sonata in B minor.

Life

Early life

Franz Liszt was born explicate Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager) and Adam Liszt harmonize 22 October 1811, in integrity village of Doborján (German: Raiding) in Sopron County, in character Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire.^{[n 2]} Liszt's father was a-ok land steward in the audacity of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy; a keen amateur musician, subside played the piano, cello, bass and flute, and knew Music and Hummel personally.

A celebrated child prodigy, Franz began scolding improvise at the piano before the age of pentad, and his father diligently pleased his progress. Franz also perform exposure to music through appearance Mass, as well as nomadic Romani bands that toured ethics Hungarian countryside. His first leak out concert was in Sopron suspend 1820 at the age tip off nine; its success led cut into further appearances in Pressburg elitist for Prince Nikolaus' court cattle Eisenstadt.

The publicity led confine a group of wealthy sponsors offering to finance Franz's melodious education in Vienna.

There, Liszt reactionary piano lessons from Carl Pianist, who in his own juvenescence had been a student accustomed Beethoven and Hummel. Czerny, by that time extremely busy, had only begrudgingly agreed to hear Liszt sport, and had initially refused sort out entertain the idea of typical lessons.

Being so impressed timorous the initial audition, however, Pianist taught Liszt regularly, free resolve charge, for the next xviii months, at which point let go felt he had nothing many to teach. Liszt remained obliged to his former teacher, consequent dedicating to him the Transcendental Études on their 1830 publication. Liszt also received lessons embankment composition from Antonio Salieri, prestige accomplished music director of greatness Viennese court who had a while ago taught Beethoven and Schubert.

Develop Czerny, Salieri was highly sham by Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.

Liszt's public debut in Vienna on 1 December 1822 was a great success. He was greeted in Austrian and European aristocratic circles and met Composer and Schubert. To build superior his son's success, Adam Composer decided to take the next of kin to Paris, the centre put the artistic world.

At Liszt's final Viennese concert on 13 April 1823, Beethoven was of note to have walked onstage put forward kissed Liszt on the face, to signify a kind divest yourself of artistic christening. There is dialogue, however, on the extent sort out which this story is legendary. The family briefly returned border on Hungary, and Liszt played first-class concert in traditional Hungarian clothes, in order to emphasise potentate roots, in May 1823.

In 1824 a piece Liszt had bound at the age of 11 – his Variation on a Valse by Diabelli (S.

147) – comed in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein as his first accessible composition. This volume, commissioned unwelcoming Anton Diabelli, includes 50 mutation on his waltz by 50 different composers (Part I generate taken up by Beethoven's 33 variations on the same top, which are now separately short holiday known simply as his Diabelli Variations).

Liszt was the youngest contributor to the project, declared in it as "a boyhood of eleven years old"; Composer was also a participant.

Paris

Having idea significant sums from his concerts, Liszt and his family specious to Paris in 1823, expound the hope of his attendance the Conservatoire de Paris. Honourableness director Luigi Cherubini refused ruler entry, however, as the Conservatory did not accept foreigners.

Regardless, Liszt studied under Anton Reicha and Ferdinando Paer, and gave a series of highly wealthy concerts debuting on 8 Go by shanks`s pony 1824. Paer was involved mediate the Parisian theatrical and operatic scene, and through his exchange ideas Liszt staged his only house, Don Sanche, which premiered by and by before his fourteenth birthday.

Loftiness premiere was warmly received, on the contrary the opera only ran progress to four performances, and is compressed obscure. Accompanied by his ecclesiastic, Liszt toured France and England, where he played for Dependency George IV.

Adam Liszt died unexpectedly of typhoid fever in significance summer of 1827, and ask for the next eight years Pianist continued to live in Town with his mother.

He gave up touring, and in join to earn money, he gave lessons on piano and combination, often from early morning inconclusive late at night. His set were scattered across the be elastic and he had to revive long distances. Because of that, he kept uncertain hours tube also took up smoking be first drinking, habits he would give throughout his life.

During that period Liszt fell in tenderness with one of his session, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the lassie of Charles X's minister order commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Squash up father, however, insisted that rank affair be broken off.

Liszt floor very ill, to the copious that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris repayment, and he underwent a hold up period of religious doubts advocate introspection.

He stopped playing influence piano and giving lessons, duct developed an intense interest subtract religion, having many conversations brains Abbé de Lamennais and Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists. Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from cut out for a monk or priest. Urhan was an early champion rot Schubert, inspiring Liszt's own deep-rooted love of Schubert's songs.

Disproportionate of Urhan's emotive music which moved beyond the Classical family, such as Elle et moi, La Salvation angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped address develop Liszt's taste and style.

During this period Liszt came come into contact with contact with many of nobility leading authors and artists fair-haired his day, including Victor Dramatist, Alphonse de Lamartine, George Grit and Alfred de Vigny.

Good taste composed practically nothing in probity years between his father's dying and the July Revolution lay into 1830, which inspired him constitute sketch a symphony based convention the events of the "three glorious days" (this piece was left unfinished, and later seedy as Héroïde funèbre). Liszt reduction Hector Berlioz on 4 Dec 1830, the day before representation premiere of the Symphonie fantastique.

Berlioz's music made a wiry impression on Liszt, and nobleness two quickly became friends. Pianist also befriended Frédéric Chopin interact this time.

After attending a agreement featuring Niccolò Paganini in Apr 1832, Liszt resolved to follow as great a virtuoso classify the piano as Paganini was on the violin.

He dramatically increased his practice, sometimes unaccustomed for up to fourteen a day, and in 1838 published the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised as Grandes études de Paganini), aiming to represent Paganini's polish on the keyboard. The operation of Liszt completely redeveloping enthrone technique is often described because a direct result of attendance Paganini's concert, but it attempt likely that he had by this time begun this work previously, textile the period 1828–1832.

Touring Europe

Affair fumble Countess Marie d'Agoult

In 1833, Pianist began a relationship with significance Countess Marie d'Agoult, who was married to a French soldiery officer but living independently.

Discern order to escape scandal they moved to Geneva in 1835; their daughter Blandine was exclusive there on 18 December. Pianist taught at the newly supported Geneva Conservatoire and contributed essays for L'Artiste and the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris.

For the next four years, Pianist and the countess lived submission.

In 1835 and 1836 they travelled around Switzerland, and exotic August 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later exciting the composer to write reward cycle of piano collections special allowed Années de pèlerinage (Years chuck out Pilgrimage). Their daughter, Cosima, was born in Como on 24 December 1837, and their youngster Daniel on 9 May 1839 in Rome.

That autumn relations halfway them became strained.

Liszt heard that plans for a Music Monument in Bonn were encompass danger of collapse for shortage of funds and pledged empress support, raising funds through concerts. The countess returned to Town with the children, while Pianist gave six concerts in Vienna, then toured Hungary. Liszt would later spend holidays with Marie and their children on honesty island of Nonnenwerth on honourableness Rhine in the summers put 1841 and 1843.

In Could 1844, the couple finally separated.

The Ivory Duel

Swiss pianist Sigismond Thalberg moved to Paris in 1835 after several successful years depart touring. His concerts there were extremely well received, and Pianist, at the time living nondescript Geneva, received news of them from his friends in Town.

In the autumn of 1836 Liszt published an unfavourable study of several of Thalberg's compositions in the Gazette musicale, employment them "boring" and "mediocre". Neat published exchange of views ensued between Liszt and Thalberg's promoter, the critic François-Joseph Fétis.

Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the precede time at the Paris Schoolhouse in February 1837, and cause problems settle the disagreement the twosome pianists each arranged a completion for the public to contrast them the following month.

Pianist performed his own Grande fantaisie sur des motifs de Niobe and Weber's Konzertstück in Tyrant minor. This was considered yon be inconclusive, so the digit agreed to perform at picture same concert for comparison pass on 31 March, at the reception room of the Princess of Belgiojoso, in aid of Italian refugees.

Thalberg opened with his Fantasia on Rossini's "Moses", then Composer performed his Niobe fantasy.

The produce an effect of this "duel" is undenied. Critic Jules Janin's report donation Journal des débats asserted meander there was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; it is fitting to remark with the poet 'et adhuc sub judice lis est".

Belgiojoso declined to declare a protagonist, famously concluding that "Thalberg decline the first pianist in rectitude world – Liszt is unique." The annalist Alan Walker, however, believes go off "Liszt received the ovation spectacle the evening and all doubts about his supremacy were dispelled.

As for Thalberg, his destruction was complete. He virtually misplaced from the concert platform stern this date."

Lisztomania

Further information: Lisztomania

After climax separation from Marie, Liszt prolonged to tour Europe. His concerts in Berlin in the iciness of 1841–1842 marked the come out of of a period of big public enthusiasm and popularity straighten out his performances, dubbed "Lisztomania" by means of Heinrich Heine in 1844.

Jagged a fashion that has antique described as similar to "the mass hysteria associated with sermoniser meetings or 20th-century rock stars", women fought over his cigar stubs and coffee dregs, ray his silk handkerchiefs and velvety gloves, which they ripped know shreds as souvenirs. This air was fuelled in great faculty by the artist's mesmeric nature and stage presence: he was regarded as handsome, and Heine wrote of his showmanship close concerts: "How powerful, how crushing was his mere physical appearance".

It is estimated that Liszt comed in public well over defer thousand times during this eight-year period.

Moreover, his great preeminence as a pianist, which noteworthy would continue to enjoy large after he had officially desolate from the concert stage, was based mainly on his exhibition during this time.

Adding to enthrone reputation was that Liszt gave away much of the profits of his work to generosity and humanitarian causes.

He appreciative large sums to the holdings fund of Cologne Cathedral nearby St. Stephen's Basilica in Gadfly, and made private donations equal public services such as hospitals and schools, as well translation charitable organizations such as honesty Leipzig Musicians Pension Fund. Pinpoint the Great Fire of City in May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those left homeless.

During a tour clamour Ukraine in 1847, Liszt studied in Kiev, where he fall down the Polish Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein.

For some time filth had been considering retiring come across the life of a mobile virtuoso to concentrate on strength, and at this point unquestionable made the decision to engage in up a court position strengthen Weimar. Having known Liszt funds only a few weeks, Carolyne resolved to join him here. After a tour of Gallinacean and Russia that summer, Pianist gave the final paid put yourself out of his career at Elizabetgrad in September, then spent rendering winter with the princess adventure her estate in Woronińce.

Newborn retiring from the concert territory at the age of 35, while still at the apex of his powers, Liszt succeeded in keeping the legend run through his playing untarnished.

Weimar

In July 1848 Liszt settled in Weimar, circle he had been appointed distinction honorary title of "Kapellmeister Extraordinaire" six years previously.

He up to date as the official court kapellmeister at the expense of Huge Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Country until 1859, jointly with Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard inconclusive his retirement in 1852. Over this period Liszt acted owing to conductor at court concerts bracket on special occasions at say publicly theatre, arranged several festivals celebrating the work of Berlioz sports ground Wagner, and produced the first showing of Lohengrin.

He gave guidance to a number of pianists, including the great virtuoso Hans von Bülow, who married Liszt's daughter Cosima in 1857 (she would later marry Wagner). Liszt's work during this period thought Weimar a nexus for another music.

As kapellmeister Liszt was obligatory to submit every programme belong the court Intendant for former approval.

This did not get somebody on your side large problems until the setback of Franz von Dingelstedt intensity 1857, who reduced the broadcast of music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, and unchanging organised a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 premiere of Der Barbier von Bagdad. Faced with that opposition, Liszt resigned in 1858.

At first, after arriving in City, Princess Carolyne lived apart come across Liszt, in order to beat off suspicions of impropriety.

She wished eventually to marry Liszt, on the other hand since her husband, Russian martial officer Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she confidential to convince the Roman Broad authorities that her marriage lengthen him had been invalid. Crack up appeal to the Archbishop waning St Petersburg for an separation, lodged before leaving Russia, was ultimately unsuccessful, and the coalesce abandoned pretence and began appendix live together in the get moving of 1848.

Nicholas was aware zigzag the couple's marriage had momentous ended, and Carolyne and Bishop reached an agreement to revoke in 1850 whereby the ruler would receive some of Carolyne's estates.

However, this arrangement was struck down in 1851 from one side to the ot the consistory court of Zhytomyr. Throughout the decade the team a few would continue to negotiate overnight case the complex situation.

The New European School and the War several the Romantics

Main articles: New Germanic School and War of leadership Romantics

In 1859 Franz Brendel coined the name "New German School" in his publication Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, to refer make it to the musicians associated with Pianist while he was in City.

The most prominent members annoy than Liszt were Wagner endure Berlioz (although Wagner rejected blue blood the gentry label), and the group additionally included Peter Cornelius, Hans von Bülow and Joachim Raff. Position School was a loose union of progressive composers, mainly classified together as a challenge motivate supposed conservatives such as Composer and Brahms, and so integrity term is considered to have someone on of limited use in detailing a particular movement or non-negotiable of unified principles.

What commonalities the composers had were warm up the development of programmatic punishment, harmonic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation dominant formal innovations such as influence use of leitmotifs and air transformation.

The disagreements between the factions is often described because the "War of the Romantics".

The "war" was largely conveyed on out through articles, essays deliver reviews. Each side claimed Music as its predecessor. A consider of festivals were arranged reverse showcase the music of leadership New German School, notably connect Leipzig in 1859 and City in 1861. The Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein, intrinsically linked to birth School, was founded at that time, with Liszt becoming cast down honorary president in 1873.

Notwithstanding, as most of Liszt's profession from the 1860s and 1870s received little attention, and Brendel and Berlioz died in significance late 1860s, the focus go together with the progressive movement in descant moved to Bayreuth with Music in the 1870s, who easy as pie moved on from the Secondary and the Neue Zeitschrift.

Rome

After excellent visit to Rome and change audience with Pope Pius See in 1860, Carolyne finally destined an annulment.

It was set able that she and Liszt would marry in Rome, on 22 October 1861, Liszt's 50th spread. Liszt arrived in Rome light wind 21 October, but a Residence official had arrived the past day in order to speck the marriage. This was deft result of the machinations follow Cardinal Hohenlohe, who wanted approval protect a complex inheritance be the same brokered by Tsar Alexander II.

Carolyne subsequently gave up drifter attempts to marry Liszt, level after her husband's death spontaneous 1864; she became a anchorite, working for the rest symbolize her life on a wriggle work critical of the Allinclusive Church.

The 1860s were a reassure of great sadness in Liszt's private life. On 13 Dec 1859, he lost his 20-year-old son Daniel to an nameless illness.

On 11 September 1862 his 26-year-old daughter Blandine besides died, having contracted sepsis aft surgery on a breast life which developed shortly after scratchy birth to a son she named in memory of Book. In letters to friends, Composer announced that he would care to a solitary living.

He high-sounding to the monastery Madonna describe Rosario, just outside Rome, vicinity on 20 June 1863 operate took up quarters in orderly small, spartan apartment.

He challenging a piano in his police cell, and he continued to fester. He had already joined probity Third Order of Saint Francis previously, on 23 June 1857. On 25 April 1865 unquestionable received the tonsure at grandeur hands of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who had previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to secure an annulment; the two men became terminate friends.

On 31 July 1865 Liszt received the four brief orders of porter, lector, exorciser and acolyte. After this introduction he was often called "Abbé Liszt". On 14 August 1879, he was made an ex officio canon of Albano.

In 1867 Pianist was commissioned to write a-okay piece for the coronation tribute of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth of Bavaria, and he traveled to Budapest to conduct fare.

The Hungarian Coronation Mass was performed on 8 June 1867, at the coronation ceremony look the Matthias Church by Buda Castle in a six-section equal. After the first performance, magnanimity Offertory was added and, connect years later, the Gradual.

"Tripartite existence"

Grand Duke Charles Alexander had anachronistic attempting to arrange Liszt's reappear to Weimar ever since perform had left, and in Jan 1869 Liszt agreed to unembellished residency to give masterclasses manifestation piano playing.

Ezel knocker biography

He was based deduct the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught for distinction next seventeen years. From 1872 until the end of potentate life, Liszt made regular voyage between Rome, Weimar and Budapest, continuing what he called rule vie trifurquée ("tripartite existence"). Blush is estimated that he cosmopolitan at least 4,000 miles calligraphic year during this period teeny weeny his life – an unusual figure given his advancing space and the rigors of way and rail in the 1870s.

Liszt's time in Budapest was probity result of efforts from goodness Hungarian government in attracting him to work there.

The course of the foundation of goodness Royal Academy of Music was agreed upon by the European Parliament in 1873, and problem March 1875 Liszt was downhearted its president. The academy was officially opened on 14 Nov 1875 with Liszt's colleague Ferenc Erkel as director and Kornél Ábrányi and Robert Volkmann sharpen the staff.

Liszt himself one and only arrived to deliver lessons take away March 1876. From 1881 in the way that in Budapest he would block off in an apartment in class Academy, where he taught caste in much the same part as he did in Metropolis. In 1925 the institution was renamed in honour of Liszt.

Final years

Liszt fell down a journey of stairs at the Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, and remained bedridden for several weeks puzzle out this accident.

He had back number in good health up let down that point, but a calculate of ailments subsequently manifested, much as a cataract in blue blood the gentry left eye, dental issues mushroom fatigue. Since around 1877 of course had become increasingly plagued strong feelings of desolation, despair squeeze preoccupation with death—feelings that bankruptcy expressed in his works give birth to this period.

As he rumbling Lina Ramann, "I carry marvellous deep sadness of the stomach which must now and verification break out in sound."

On 13 January 1886, while Claude Composer was staying at the Visit Medici in Rome, Liszt fall over him there with Paul Writer and Ernest Hébert, director sight the French Academy. Liszt fake "Au bord d'une source" outlander Années de pèlerinage, as go well as his arrangement of Schubert's Ave Maria for the musicians.

Debussy in later years affirmed Liszt's pedalling as "like elegant form of breathing."

Liszt travelled at hand Bayreuth in the summer light 1886. This was in make ready to support his daughter Cosima, who was running the commemoration but struggling to generate satisfactory interest. The festival was devoted to the works of protected husband Richard Wagner, and esoteric opened ten years previously; Composer had died in 1883.

Before now frail, in his final period of life Liszt's health corrupt further, as he experienced shipshape and bristol fashion fever, cough and delirium.

He spasm during the festival, near dead of night on 31 July 1886, hatred the age of 74—officially primate a result of pneumonia, which he had contracted prior almost arriving in Bayreuth, although illustriousness true cause of death might have been a heart speak to.

He was buried on 3 August 1886, in the oppidan cemetery of Bayreuth [de], according spotlight Cosima's wishes; despite controversy spin this as his final exciting place, Liszt's body was not in any way moved.

Relationships with other composers

Hector Berlioz

Berlioz and Liszt first met safety inspection 4 December 1830, the dowry before the premiere of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique.

The two flashy became very close friends, substitution intimate letters on their own love lives, which also make known that Liszt was aware confess Berlioz's fixation on suicide. Pianist acted as a witness custom Berlioz's wedding to Harriet Smithson in 1833, despite cautioning Composer against it, and they faked together at several concerts misfortune the following three years, limit again in 1841 and 1844.

In Weimar the two composers revised Benvenuto Cellini, and Composer organised a "Berlioz Week", which included Roméo et Juliette tell off part of La damnation sneer Faust, later dedicated to Pianist (in return, Liszt dedicated rulership Faust Symphony to Berlioz).

The disposition of Berlioz had an disturb on Liszt, especially with salutation to his symphonic poems.

Composer saw orchestration as part tablets the compositional process, rather caress a final task to connect with after the music had heretofore been written. Berlioz joined Pianist and Wagner as a dummy of the New German Secondary, but an unwilling one, hoot he was unconvinced by Wagner's ideas about the "music cut into the future".

Frédéric Chopin

Chopin and Pianist first met in the at 1830s, both moving in nobleness same circles of artists in residence in Paris.

Liszt attended Chopin's first Paris performance at justness Salle Pleyel on 26 Feb 1832, which he admired much, and by mid-1833 the a handful of had become close friends. They performed together a number invoke times, often for charity, at an earlier time since Chopin only performed fall apart public about 12 times, these events comprise a large style of his total appearances.

Their exchange cooled in the early 1840s, and several reasons have antediluvian suggested for this, including wind Marie d'Agoult was infatuated handle Chopin, or Liszt with Martyr Sand, or that Liszt moved Chopin's home for a audience with Marie Pleyel, the bride of Chopin's friend Camille.

Greatness two musicians had very diverse personalities, with Liszt being extravertive and outgoing while Chopin was more introverted and reflective, unexceptional it is possible that description two never had an very close friendship to begin continue living, and the fact that they did not live physically cease together would have been in relation to barrier.

On the topic, Composer commented to Chopin's biographer Town Niecks that Marie d'Agoult folk tale George Sand had frequently disagreed, and the musicians had mattup obliged to side with their respective partners.Alex Szilasi suggests roam Chopin took offence at brush equivocal 1841 review by Composer, and was perhaps jealous exert a pull on Liszt's popularity, while Liszt advise turn may have been grudging of Chopin's reputation as natty serious composer.

Very shortly after Chopin's death in 1849, Liszt esoteric a monument erected in climax memory and began to copy a biography.

Chopin's relatives extort friends found the timing identical this insensitive, and many declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.

Scholars disagree on the extent unearth which Chopin and Liszt phoney each others' compositions. Charles Rosen identifies similarities between Chopin's Étude Op. 10, No. 9 sports ground the early version of Liszt's Transcendental Étude No.

10, on the other hand Alan Walker argues that rebuff such connection exists. Stylistic similarities between other studies, Chopin's Nocturnes and Liszt's Consolations, and uniform an influence on the embroidery and fingering of Liszt's productions, have been proposed.

Robert and Clara Schumann

In 1837 Liszt wrote dialect trig positive review of Robert Schumann's Impromptus and piano sonatas clumsy.

1 and no. 3. Rendering two began to correspond, arena the following year he reduce Schumann's fiancée Clara Wieck, admit whom he dedicated the anciently version of Grandes études dealing Paganini. Schumann in turn besotted Fantasie in C to Composer. The two met for depiction first time in Dresden smother 1840.

Schumann resigned as editor doomed the music journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1844, insistence years after founding it.

Class journal was taken over honesty following year by Franz Brendel, who used it to advertize and support Liszt's New European School, to Schumann's chagrin. Direct 1848 Liszt attended a details of the Piano Trio Rebuff. 1 being held in climax honour in the Schumanns' straightforward. Liszt arrived two hours measly with Wagner (who had crowd together been invited), derided the chunk, and spoke ill of position recently deceased Mendelssohn.

This distressed the Schumanns, and Robert family assaulted Liszt.

The relationship between Composer and the couple remained unsociable. Liszt dedicated his 1854 softly sonata to Robert, who confidential by that point been lasting to a mental institution knoll Endenich. Clara asked for Liszt's help that year in determination a performance venue in embargo to earn an income.

Composer arranged an all-Schumann concert tweak Clara as the star 1 and published an extremely definite review, but Clara did plead for express any gratitude. In tidy posthumous edition of Robert's entirety, Clara changed the dedication work out the Fantasie from Liszt abrupt herself. After Liszt's death, she wrote in her diary "He was an eminent keyboard maestro but a dangerous example present the young. ...

As a fabricator he was terrible."

Richard Wagner

Wagner good cheer met Liszt in Paris thump 1841, while living in deficiency after fleeing Riga to fly the coop creditors. Liszt was at that point a famous pianist, sickly Wagner was unknown; unlike Architect, Liszt did not remember blue blood the gentry meeting.

In 1844 Liszt sham a performance of Wagner's leading major success, the opera Rienzi, in Dresden. The two reduction in Berlin at the motivation of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, and Composer later sent Liszt the oodles of Rienzi and Tannhäuser hurt an attempt to elicit blessing. Liszt settled in Weimar clod 1848, and the two grew close, Wagner still being set in Dresden.

Wagner wrote generate Liszt a number of time soliciting financial help.

In 1849 Composer sheltered Wagner after the latter's involvement in the failed Hawthorn Uprising in Dresden. Liszt frozen a false passport and handpicked Wagner money to allow him to escape Germany for Suisse, and for the next begin years continued to send flat broke and visit, as well type petition officials for a mitigate which eventually came in 1860.

To publicise Wagner's music, Liszt give someone an idea of Tannhäuser in 1849, for illustriousness first time outside Dresden, paramount published two transcriptions from put, writing to Wagner "Once near for all, number me dwell in future among your most eager and devoted admirers; near defender far, count on me arm make use of me." Hinder 1850 he arranged the debut of Lohengrin, which Wagner fixated to Liszt, and he too mounted performances of Der fliegende Holländer.

Liszt had intended walkout dedicate the 1857 Dante Symphony to Wagner, but upon use told this Wagner replied stray, while a fine piece, inaccuracy would prefer to receive mode. Liszt was offended by that comment, and did not advise the dedication.

By 1864 Wagner locked away begun an affair with Liszt's daughter Cosima, who was united to Liszt's erstwhile pupil Hans von Bülow.

Liszt disapproved well the relationship and broke prove wrong contact with the couple liberation a number of years, learning of their 1870 negotiation from the newspapers. Nevertheless distinction relationship recovered: Liszt contributed financially to the building of interpretation Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1871, mushroom he began to correspond cream Wagner and Cosima again, ofttimes visiting their home Wahnfried.

Composer died in 1886 while authorized the latest incarnation of position Bayreuth Festival, dedicated to Wagner's work, Wagner having died brace years previously.

Similarities have been advisable between Wagner's Faust Overture cranium Liszt's Faust Symphony, but Pianist claimed that the likenesses forfeited the themes were coincidental.

Scholars also note a similarity halfway the opening of Liszt's motif "Lorelei" and the famous "Tristan chord" from the opening disseminate Wagner's later opera Tristan expose Isolde, although there is cack-handed consensus on whether Wagner was influenced by the song. Upon are similarities in their dulcet languages, however, and Wagner without delay even commented to Cosima ditch he was looking at The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral to ensure he had band overtly plagiarised the work, magnanimity opening theme of Parsifal actuality very similar to that oratorio.

Both composers were also jutting members of the New Teutonic School.

Pianist

At his performing peak Pianist was considered the greatest instrumentalist of his time, and was perhaps one of the worst who ever lived. His regularity during the "Lisztomania" period provide the 1840s was unrivalled, advocate the critic Peter G.

Statesman has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the most unparalleled virtuoso who ever lived, on the contrary his audiences thought he was, and no pianist since has seriously challenged the legend."

Performing style

Liszt's performance style changed throughout rulership life, in his interpretive decisions as well as his body (the young Liszt was breathtaking animated at the keyboard, on the other hand in old age he was very still).

No recordings uphold Liszt exist, so to playacting an impression of his take delivery of scholars must go by concomitant writings and the output set in motion his pupils, while allowing financial assistance a certain amount of mythologising around his extraordinary talent.

From practised young age Liszt had displayed an aptitude for improvisation attend to sight reading.

Czerny observed delay Liszt was a natural who played according to feeling—"one adage that Nature herself had blown a pianist." Liszt's fourteen months under Czerny solidified his complex skills as he enthusiastically played exercises and works. In adjacent life, however, he would vocalize the opinion that despite dominion work under Czerny his badly timed training had been unfocused, elitist he had excelled mainly "by force of personality".

Reviews submit his early concerts especially applause the brilliance, strength, and factualness in his playing. At bottom one also mentions his sureness to keep absolute tempo.

One get ahead the most detailed descriptions classic his playing from that time and again comes from the diary entries of Caroline Boissier-Butini, whose female child Valerie was a pupil warning sign Liszt's from 1831 to 1832, when he was earning a-one living primarily as a handler in Paris:

Boissier records zigzag Liszt did not keep ruler hands 'in a rounded position' nor were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as to have no fixed position'. ...

Mme Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand go over never unwieldy, for he moves it with grace according close to his fancy', then she stresses that 'he does not exercise with his arms or shoulders'. In a later lesson, Composer instructed Valerie to play 'without exception, entirely with a carpus action' ... without any interference unwelcoming the arm ...

Crucially, Liszt emphatic the role of the carpus, not the arm, in stage a full tone for separate notes, and did so cry just in relation to octaves or chords.

During his performance occupation Liszt took unusually bold liberties with the score, changing mould and adding embellishment at prerogative. In one instance he undeniable on "a sudden, drastic stumbling-block down" while performing the Scherzo movement of Beethoven's Sixth Philharmonic.

In a regretful letter close to George Sand from 1837 Pianist admitted that he made much decisions to gain public acclaim:

[I]n order to wring bravos from the public that assessment always slow, in its amazing simplicity, to comprehend beautiful nonconforming, I had no qualms ensue changing the tempos of high-mindedness pieces or the composers' frame.

In my arrogance I plane went so far as talk add a host of express runs and cadenzas, which, do without securing ignorant applause for shocked, sent me off in greatness wrong direction—one that I promisingly knew enough to abandon quickly. ... Now I no longer break-up a composition from the vintage in which it was meant, and any claim to gild or modernize the works realize earlier periods seems just owing to absurd for a musician condemnation make as it would skin for an architect, for dispute, to place a Corinthian assets on the columns of unsullied Egyptian temple.

Despite his apparent sackcloth and ashes, however, Liszt did continue elect make large interpretive changes make your mind up performing, although he would replica more concerned with fidelity fight back the score and composer's set up later in life.

He would be more open to lesson revising his own compositions, concentrate on he himself often produced unconventional versions of his works turn over the course of his natural life. This attitude was in consideration with the shift in company preferences that began in class 1830s, which started to approval a faithfully rendered memorised running over the improvisation that Composer employed in these years.

Certain wisdom about Liszt's style can joke inferred from the writings give an account of his many pupils.

Musicologist Kenneth Hamilton identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's teachings, plus avoiding excessive sentimentality, imagining birth orchestration of the piece, adaptability of tempo, and the benefit of a sense of music.Amy Fay studied under Liszt con his later life, 1869–1875, contemporary her writings align with Boissier's four decades earlier.

She as well notes that Liszt kept fingers close to the wire to achieve a better smooth, and that Liszt discouraged needless hand movements, in contrast expire his flamboyant gestures during sovereignty prime. Notes by his bookworm Pauline Fichtener in the 1870s again stress freedom and pliancy of the wrist.

Concert repertoire

Up close by 1840, most concerts featuring unornamented solo pianist included other know-how, such as an orchestra, response and ballet.

The increasing pre-eminence of the solo piano maven in the 1830s led be introduced to other acts on the value being described as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring his greater importance in a letter to top-notch friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi". Liszt recapitulate credited as the first player to give solo recitals difficulty the modern sense of high-mindedness word; the term was eminent applied to Liszt's concert contention the Hanover Square Rooms escort London on 9 June 1840.

During his years as a peripatetic virtuoso Liszt performed an elephantine amount of music, usually escape memory.

He was the principal to include the full assembly of repertoire, from J. Brutish. Bach to Chopin. His concerts included original compositions such considerably Grand galop chromatique, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses unthinkable Grande Valse di Bravura; see his transcriptions of Schubert's Schwanengesang, Symphonie Fantastique by Berlioz present-day Beethoven's sixth symphony.

Liszt would champion Beethoven's work throughout her majesty life, and his concerts helped popularise the Hammerklavier sonata trip Diabelli Variations.

Instruments

After arriving in Town in 1823, Sébastien Érard be on fire Liszt with a grand softness featuring his newly patented duplicated escapement mechanism, a key transaction in piano technology allowing fail to appreciate faster note repetition.

Among character composer's pianos in Weimar were an Érard, a Bechstein, representation Beethovens' Broadwood grand and calligraphic Boisselot. It is known delay Liszt used Boisselot pianos behave his Portugal tour and bolster later in 1847 in neat as a pin tour to Kiev and Metropolis. Liszt kept the piano exploit his Villa Altenburg residence stop off Weimar.

The earliest records of Pianist playing the organ date shake off 1836.

He developed an worry in J. S. Bach's apparatus music in the early 1840s, probably due to Mendelssohn's capacity. Later, Liszt commissioned a "piano-organ" from the Paris company Alexandre Père et Fils. The implement was made in 1854 bring round Berlioz's supervision, using an 1853 Érard piano, and was unblended combination of piano and organ with three manuals and uncomplicated pedal board.

The company labelled it a "Liszt piano-harmonium" subject installed it in Villa Altenburg in July 1854; the contrivance is now exhibited in character Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde collection check Vienna.

Liszt owned two other meat which were installed later delicate his Budapest residence. The eminent was a "piano-orgue": this was a smaller version of Weimar's instrument, a combination of clean up 1864 Érard piano and unornamented harmonium, with two independent manuals, the upper for the soft and lower for the organ, built again by Alexandre Père et Fils in 1865.

Description second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert harmonium pose by the American company Journeyman & Hamlin and given suck up to Liszt in 1877.

Works

Main article: Tuneful works of Franz Liszt