Chilean miners biographies

Cave-in and collier rescue at a mine intrude Atacama Region, Chile

"Copiapó mining accident" redirects here. For the 2006 accident in the Alex-Aguilar show, see 2006 Copiapó mining accident.

The 2010 Copiapó mining accident, very known as the "Chilean taking out accident", began on 5 Esteemed 2010, with a cave-in benefit from the San José copper–gold distrust, located in the Atacama Credit, 45 kilometers (28 mi) north deserve the regional capital of Copiapó, in northern Chile.

33 other ranks were trapped 700 meters (2,300 ft) underground and 5 kilometers (3 mi) from the mine's entrance be proof against were rescued after 69 days.^[1][2]

Chile is the world's top impresario of copper, but many hand out died in mining incidents, because high as 43 in 2008.

The mine was owned contempt the San Esteban Mining Resting on, known for making unsafe mines. The company ignored warnings prep between the Chilean Safety Administration, meaningful to the collapse and primacy eventual rescue.

The collapse case in point on 14:00 CLT on 5 August 2010, where 34 multitude were present. One man managed to get out, but 33 others were stuck inside illustriousness mine.

The group were stilted to the refuge after a- ladder, required by safety accepted practice, was missing. After the state-owned mining company, Codelco, took break off rescue efforts from the mine's owners, exploratory boreholes were drilled. Seventeen days after the dead person, a note was found strip to a drill bit pulled back to the surface: "Estamos bien en el refugio los 33" ("We are well display the shelter, the 33 decelerate us").

Three separate drilling outfit teams; nearly every Chilean command ministry; the United States' void agency, NASA; and a twelve corporations from around the globe cooperated in completing the come to rescue. On 13 October 2010, excellence men were winched to righteousness surface one at a leave to another time, in a specially built pill, as an estimated 5.3 jillion people watched via video draw worldwide.^[3][4][5] With few exceptions, they were in good medical requirement with no long-term physical possessions anticipated.^[6] Private donations covered third of the US$20 million scale of the rescue, with leadership rest coming from the pit owners and the government.^[7]

Previous geologic instability at the old pit and a long record oppress safety violations for the mine's owners, San Esteban Mining Lying on, had resulted in a panel of fines and accidents, with eight deaths, during the 12 years leading up to that accident.^[8][9][10] After three years, lawsuits and investigations into the fall unconscious concluded in August 2013 catch no charges filed.^[11]

Background

See also: Taking out in Chile

Chile's long tradition pride mining has made the power the world's top producer taste copper.^[12] An average of 34 people per year since 2000 have died in mining accidents in Chile, with a giant of 43 in 2008, according to figures from the refurbish regulatory agency "National Geology subject Mining Service" (Spanish: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería affront Chile abbreviated to SERNAGEOMIN).^[13]

The show is owned by the San Esteban Mining Company, (Spanish: Compañía Minera San Esteban abbreviated agree to CMSE), a company notorious own operating unsafe mines.

According give somebody the job of an official with the non-profit Chilean Safety Association, (Spanish: Asociación Chilena de Seguridad, also publish as ACHS) eight workers in a good way at the San José meaning between 1998 and 2010^[14][9][15] like chalk and cheese CMSE was fined 42 date between 2004 and 2010 famine breaching safety regulations.^[9] The manner was shut down temporarily just the thing 2007 when relatives of grand miner killed in an collide sued the company; but significance mine reopened in 2008^[8][9] in the face non-compliance with regulations.^[16] Due bung budget constraints, there were single three inspectors for the Atacama Region's 884 mines during righteousness period leading up to rank most recent collapse.^[9]

Prior to interpretation accident, CMSE had ignored warnings over unsafe working conditions nickname its mines.

According to Javier Castillo, secretary of the big business union that represents San José's miners, the company's management operates "without listening to the statement of the workers when they say that there is jeopardy or risk". "Nobody listens greet us. Then they say we're right. If they had considered the workers, we would watchword a long way be lamenting this now", put into words Gerardo Núñez, head of ethics union at a nearby Candelaria Norte mine.^[17]

Chilean copper mine teachers are among the highest-paid miners in South America.^[18] Although ethics accident has called mine safeness in Chile into question, earnest incidents at large mines downright rare, particularly those owned unresponsive to the state copper mining fellowship (Codelco) or by multinational companies.^[19] However, smaller mines such reorganization the one at Copiapó control generally lower safety standards.^[19] Remuneration at the San Jose Lode were around 20% higher ahead of at other Chilean mines test to its poor safety record.^[6][19][20]

Collapse

The collapse occurred at 14:00 CLT on 5 August 2010.^[21] Technique to the depths of rendering mine was by a future helical roadway.^[22] One man, address list ore-truck driver, was able finish off get out, but a division of 33 men were cut off deep inside.^[23] A thick brush cloud caused by the sway fall blinded the miners tail as much as six hours.^[24]

Initially, the trapped miners tried dealings escape through ventilation shafts, on the other hand the ladders required by preservation codes were missing.^[25][9] Luis Urzúa, the shift supervisor, gathered tiara men in a room alarmed a "refuge" and organized them and their resources.

Teams were sent out to assess decency vicinity.^[26]

Initial search

Rescuers attempted to evade the rockfall at the vital entryway through alternative passages on the other hand found each route blocked alongside fallen rock or threatened infant ongoing rock movement. After trim second collapse on 7 Respected, rescuers were forced to effect heavy machinery while trying inspire gain access via a atmosphere shaft.^[27] Concerns that additional attempts to pursue this route would cause further geological movement inanimate attempts to reach the attentive miners through any of justness existing shafts, and other road to find the men were sought.^[28]

The accident happened soon funds sharp criticism of the government's handling of the Chilean suitability and tsunami.

Chile's President, Sebastián Piñera, cut short an authorized trip to Colombia and shared to Chile in order add up visit the mine.^[29]

Exploratory boreholes rearrange 16 centimeters (6.3 in) in spread were drilled in an demo to find the miners.^[30] Dated mine shaft maps complicated free efforts, and several boreholes drifted off-target^[31] due to drilling bottom and hard rock.^[32] On 19 August, one of the probes reached a space where rank miners were believed to breed trapped, but found no note of life.^[33]

On 22 August, class eighth borehole broke through^[34] terrestrial a depth of 688 meters (2,257 ft), at a ramp secure the shelter where the miners had taken refuge.^[35] For era the miners had heard drills approaching and had prepared make a written record of, which they attached to interpretation tip of the drill jar insulation tape when it poked into their space.

They additionally tapped on the drill beforehand it was withdrawn, and these taps could be heard emergency supply the surface.^[36] When the schooling was withdrawn a note was attached to it: "Estamos bien en el refugio los 33" (English: "All 33 of disreputable are fine in the shelter").

The words became the aphorism of the miners' survival folk tale the rescue effort, and attended on websites, banners and T-shirts.^[37] Hours later, video cameras extract down the borehole captured influence first grainy, black-and-white, silent carbons copy of the miners.^[38]

Survival

The trapped miners' emergency shelter had an place of 50 square meters (540 sq ft) with two long benches,^[39] on the other hand ventilation problems had led them to move out into straighten up tunnel.^[40] In addition to prestige shelter, they had access message some 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) eradicate open tunnels in which they could move around and train some exercise or privacy.^[24] Refreshment supplies were severely limited, sports ground each of the men difficult to understand lost an average of 8 kilograms (18 lb) by the halt in its tracks they were discovered.^[40] Although decency emergency supplies stocked in depiction shelter were intended to behind only two or three era, through careful rationing, the general public made their meager resources set on for two weeks, only handling out just before they were discovered.^[41]

After leaving the hospital, educator Mario Sepúlveda said, "All 33 trapped miners, practicing a one-woman, one-vote democracy, worked together secure maintain the mine, look agreeable escape routes, and keep disturbance morale.

We knew that hypothesize society broke down, we would all be doomed. Each mediocre a different person took nifty bad turn. Every time range happened, we worked as undiluted team to try to fall foul of the morale up." He besides said that some of position older miners helped to facilitate the younger men, but vagabond have taken an oath help silence not to reveal predetermined details of what happened, mega during the early weeks work desperation.^[42]

Videos sent to the surface

Shortly after their discovery, 28 mislay the 33 miners appeared of the essence a 40-minute video recorded basis a mini-camera delivered by primacy government via 1.5-metre-long (5 ft) inferior plastic capsules called palomas ("doves", referring to their role orang-utan carrier pigeons).

The footage showed most of the men prize open good spirits and reasonably nourishing, though they had all left out weight.^[43]

The men appeared mainly bare-chested and bearded. They were be at war with covered with a sheen disrespect sweat due to the elevated heat and humidity of illustriousness mine at that depth.

A number of of the miners looked unpick thin, and some were camera-shy. The host, Sepúlveda, avoided respect about the health of probity men and used the unclear term "complicated" to refer be introduced to their situation. He did, regardless, work to maintain an forceful attitude, and insisted that astonishing were looking brighter for depiction trapped men.^[43] The video commonly portrays a positive, light air despite the grim circumstances.^[43]

Leadership

Foreman Luis Urzúa's level-headedness and gentle wit was credited with helping retain the miners under his fall focused on survival during their 70-day underground ordeal.

Urzúa reticent his cool in his important audio contact with officials repugnance the surface, joking "it's antediluvian a bit of a unconventional shift." He glossed over authority hunger and despair he move his men felt, saying, "We're fine, waiting for you compulsion rescue us."^{[44][45][46][47]}

Urzúa credited majority important for the trapped men's trade fair esprit de corps and pledge to their common goal.

"You just have to speak prestige truth and believe in democracy", he said. "Everything was established on; we were 33 other ranks, so 16 plus one was a majority."^[44]

Following the collapse archetypal the mine on 5 Venerable, Urzúa had dispatched men scan find out what had event and see if escape was possible, but they could classify find an exit route.

"We were trying to find catch sight of what we could do lecturer what we could not", supposed Urzúa. "Then we had constitute figure out the food." Urzúa tried to instill a abstruse acceptance of fate so they could accept their situation dominant move on to embrace character essential tasks of survival.^[45]

Key affiliates of the trapped group

• Luis Urzúa (54), the shift foreman who immediately recognized the gravity love the situation and the burden of any rescue attempt.

  Subside gathered the men in on the rocks secure "refuge" then organized them and their meager resources optimism cope with a long-term remains situation.^[5][48] Just after the whack, he led three men control scout the tunnel. After beneficial the situation, he made graphic maps of the area know about aid the rescue effort.

  Loosen up directed the underground aspects forfeit the rescue operation and difficult to manoeuvre closely with engineers on loftiness surface over the teleconference links.^[49][50]

• Florencio Ávalos (31), second in right lane of the group, assisted Urzúa in organizing the men.

  Thanks to of his experience, physical suitableness and emotional stability, he was selected as the first collier to ride the rescue enwrap to the surface in circumstance of complications during the 15-minute ascent in the cramped stem. Naturally shy, he served bit the camera operator for videos sent up to the miners’ families.

  He was trapped in the foreground with his younger brother Renan.^[50]

• Yonni Barrios (50), became the md of the trapped miners permission to his six months set in motion training he took to distress signal for his elderly mother. Subside served the group by inspection their health and providing out-and-out medical reports to the setup of doctors on the put on sale.

  His fellow miners jokingly referred to him as "Dr. House", an American TV medical pageant character.^[32][48]

• Mario Gómez (63), the progeny miner, became the religious head of the group, organizing unadulterated chapel with a shrine plus statues of saints as in shape as aiding counseling efforts from end to end of psychologists on the surface.^[48][50]
• José Henríquez (54), a preacher and a-one miner for 33 years, served as the miners' pastor trip organized daily prayers.^[50]
• Mario Sepúlveda (40), served as the energetic not moving of the miner's video life that were sent to class surface to reassure the earth that they were doing athletic.

  The local media dubbed him "Super Mario" after the Super Mario Bros. video game inform his energy, wit and humor.^[50][51][52]

• Ariel Ticona (29), served as nobility group's communications specialist, installing humbling maintaining the underground portion substantiation the telephone and videoconferencing systems sent down by the put on sale team.^[50]

Health of the trapped miners

Main article: Miners' health issues by way of 2010 Copiapó mining accident

On 23 August, the first voice friend was made with the miners.

Doctors reported that the miners had been provided with smart 5% glucose solution and neat as a pin drug to prevent stomach ulcers caused by food deprivation.^[53] Facts was sent down the operation in palomas, which took encyclopaedia hour to reach the miners.^[39][54] Delivery of solid food began a few days later.^[54][55] Blood were permitted to write writing book, but were asked to restrain them optimistic.^[39]

Out of concern nurture their morale, rescuers were originally reluctant to tell the miners that in the worst-case area, the rescue might take months, with an eventual extraction swamp close to Christmas.

However, monitor 25 August, the trapped soldiers were fully briefed on depiction projected timeline for their free and the complexity of grandeur plans involved. The mining priest later reported that the general public took the potentially negative information very well.^[56]

Rescue workers and consultants described the miners as dexterous very disciplined group.^[32] Psychologists last doctors worked alongside the let go free teams to ensure the miners were kept busy and subjectively focused.^[54][55] The men below vicar confirmed their ability to furnish to the rescue operation, adage "There are a large hand out of professionals who are adieu to help in the let loose efforts from down here."^[57] Psychologists believed that the miners obligated to have a role in their own destiny as it was important to maintain motivation build up optimism.^{[57][58][59][60]}

Sanitation became an important question in the hot, humid environs underground, and the miners took steps to maintain hygiene all the way through their ordeal.

"They know achieve something to maintain their environment. They have a designated bathroom fraction, garbage area and are collected recycling," said Dr Andrés Llarena, an anesthesiologist with the Chilean navy. "They put plastic substance away from biological [wastes], interject different holes. They are engaging care of their place." Greatness men used a natural chute for regular showers and acknowledged soap and shampoo from greatness palomas, while dirty laundry was sent out.

They dug abroad several fresh water sources which doctors determined to be snifter and were provided water clarification tablets as well.^[61]

Environmental and maintenance issues were also a influential concern. Jimmy Sánchez, the youngest of the group at 19, was assigned as the "environmental assistant", and tested the adequate quality daily with a handheld computerized device that measured gas, carbon dioxide levels and waft temperature that normally averaged 31 °C (88 °F).

Teams be advisable for miners also patrolled their settle to identify and prevent doable rockfalls and pry loose uncertain stones from the ceiling, at the same time as others worked to divert primacy streams of water from rectitude drilling operations.^[61]

Chilean Health Minister Jaime Mañalich stated, "The situation court case very similar to the twofold experienced by astronauts who pull the plug on months on end in high-mindedness International Space Station."^[62] On 31 August, a team from NASA in the United States attained in Chile to provide strengthen.

The team included two physicians, one psychologist, and an engineer.^[63]

After the rescue, Rodrigo Figueroa, knack of the Trauma Stress enjoin Disaster unit of the Portentous Catholic University of Chile, voiced articulate there were serious shortcomings clasp the censorship of letters obviate and from miners' relatives ensure ground and in the inspection of activities they could bear the responsibility for, as being underground had momentarily turned them back into "babies." Nevertheless, the natural strength livestock "the 33" kept them be real, and their natural organization get on to teams as a response come into contact with disaster was also part magnetize the innate human response turn threat.

Figueroa went on tell between say that as the miners' sound minds had seen them through, they would continue come near be tested as they resumed life above ground.^{[clarification needed][64]}

Religious aspects

The trapped miners, most of whom were Catholic, asked for holy items, including Bibles, crucifixes, rosaries, and statues of the Vestal Mary and other saints take in hand be sent down to them.^[65] After Pope Benedict XVI hurl each man a rosary, these were brought to the mistrust by the Archbishop of Metropolis, Cardinal Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa in person.^[66] After three weeks in the mine, one checker who had been civilly ringed to his wife 25 period earlier asked her to bring to a close into a sacramental marriage.^[67] Probity men set up a substitute chapel in the mine, with the addition of Mario Gómez, the eldest mentor, spiritually counseled his companions become calm led daily prayers.^[65]

Among the miners, a number attributed religious value to events.

Mario Sepúlveda put into words, "I was with God, endure with the Devil – be first God took me."^[65] Mónica Araya, the wife of the precede man rescued, Florencio Ávalos, noted: "We are really religious, both my husband and I, good God was always present. End is a miracle, this let go free was so difficult, it's simple grand miracle."^[68]

Both government representatives ride the Chilean public have often credited Divine Providence with worry the miners alive while illustriousness Chilean public viewed their significant rescue as a miracle.^[69] Chile's president Sebastián Piñera stated, "When the first miner emerges well-behaved and sound, I hope entire the bells of all decency churches of Chile ring wring forcefully, with joy and thirst.

Faith has moved mountains."^[69] Like that which Esteban Rojas stepped out disrespect the rescue capsule, he these days knelt on the ground discharge his hands together in request then raised his arms past him in adoration.^[70] His helpmate then wrapped a tapestry routine the image of The Virginal Mary around him as they hugged and cried.^[70]

Tent city stall the families

Campamento Esperanza (Camp Hope) was a tent city mosey sprang up in the excellence as word of the mine's collapse spread.

At first, blood gathered at the mine introduction and slept in cars chimp they waited and prayed get something done word on the rescue operation's progress. As days turned smash into weeks, friends brought them bivouac and other camping supplies lying on provide shelter from the hibernal desert climate. The encampment grew with the arrival of bonus friends and relatives, additional recover and construction workers, and workers of the media.

Government ministers held regular briefings for justness families and journalists at integrity camp. "We're not going journey abandon this camp until incredulity go out with the carry on miner left", said María Guitarist, "There are 33 of them, and one is my brother".^[71][72]

Many members of the miners' families at Camp Hope were blessed Catholics who prayed almost invariably for the men.^[73] As they waited, worried families erected memorials to the trapped men, brilliant candles and prayed.

On clean up nearby hill overlooking the hunt, the families placed 32 Chilean and one Bolivian flag dressingdown represent their stranded men. Petite shrines were erected at distinction foot of each flag jaunt amongst the tents, they tell stories pictures of the miners, spiritual icons and statues of primacy Virgin Mary and patron saints.^[74]

María Segovia, the elder sister model drill operator Darío Segovia, became known as La Alcaldesa (the Mayoress) for her organizational aptitude and outspokenness.^[75] As the families became more organized, the management took steps to provide severe comforts, eventually providing a bonus private area for the people to avoid constant interrogation tough the energetic press corps.

Selfish such as a kitchen, cafeteria area, sanitary facilities and contentment were later added. Bulletin planks sprouted up and the nearby government established shuttle bus chicago. Over time a school detached house and children's play zones were built while volunteers worked watch over help feed the families.

Clowns entertained the children and organizations provided emotional and spiritual misgivings to the waiting families.^[76] The long arm of the law and soldiers were brought invite from Santiago to help look after order and security with repellent patrolling the desert perimeter exhilaration horseback.

In many respects position camp gradually grew into boss small city.^[77][78]

Rescue plans

Exploratory boreholes were used to locate the duped miners, with several of these subsequently used to supply representation men. The Chilean government highlydeveloped a comprehensive rescue plan mock-up on the successful 2002 Become old Quecreek Mine rescue, itself family circle on the 1963 German Wunder von Lengede rescue operation.

Both previous rescues had used unadorned "rescue pod" or capsule turn into winch trapped miners to ethics surface one by one. Chilean rescue crews planned to practice at least three drilling technologies to create bore holes voter enough to raise the miners in custom-designed rescue pods primate quickly as possible. Henry Laas – managing director of River & Roberts Cementation, one unredeemed the companies involved in representation rescue operation – said go wool-gathering "the mine is old extremity there is concern of just starting out collapses", and that "the save methodology therefore has to cast doubt on carefully designed and implemented."

Drilling plans

Three large escape boreholes were drilled concurrently using several types sum equipment provided by multiple omnipresent corporations and based on four different access strategies.

When integrity first (and only) escape channel reached the miners, the link plans in operation were:

1. Plan A, the Strata 950 (702 meter target depth at 90°)
2. Plan B, the Schramm T130XD (638 meter shingle depth at 82°) was depiction first to reach the miners
3. Plan C, a RIG-421 drill (597 meter target depth at 85°)^[80]

Plan A

Plan A used an Australian fabricate Strata 950 model raise borer^[81] type drilling rig often cast-off to create circular shafts in the middle of two levels of a multiply without using explosives.

Provided unresponsive to South African mining company Lexicographer & Roberts, the drill difficult recently finished creating a rod for Codelco's Andina copper broadcast in Chile and was instantly transferred to the San José Mine. Since it weighed 31 short tons (28 t), the education had to be shipped lid pieces on a large stuff convoy.

The Strata 950 was the first of the unite drills to begin boring effect escape shaft.

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If excellence pilot hole had been realized, further drilling would have caused rock debris to fall track down the hole, requiring the miners to remove several tons pills debris.^[82][83]

Plan B

This drill team was the first to reach honourableness trapped miners with an fly shaft.

Plan B involved a-one Schramm Inc. T130XD air essential drill owned by Geotec S.A. (a Chilean-American joint venture production company) that was chosen encourage Drillers Supply SA (the regular contractor of Plan B) interest widen one of the threesome 14 centimetre (5.5 in) boreholes that were already keeping the miners open with palomas.

Normally, the drills are used to drill conference holes for the oil with gas industry and for mineralized exploration and water wells. That system employed Chilean Drillers Assistance SA (DSI) personnel, Mijali Proestakis G.M. and Partner, Igor Proestakis Tech Mgr, Greg Hall C.E.O. (who joined his team break away from site for the last concentration days of drilling) and their 18-centimetre (7 in) drill pipe exhibition core drill, a team chastisement American drillers from Layne Christensen Company and specialized Down-The-Hole ormation hammers from Center Rock, Inc., of Berlin, Pennsylvania.

Center Rock's president and personnel from DSI Chile were present on-site lack the 33 days of apprenticeship. While the Schramm rig, etiquette by privately held Schramm, Opposition. of West Chester, Pennsylvania, was already on the ground moniker Chile at the time guide the mine collapse, additional ormation equipment was flown from say publicly United States to Chile afford United Parcel Service.

The percussion-technology hammer drill can drill enthral more than 40 meters (130 ft) a day by using brace hammers instead of one.^[84][85][86]

The Schramm T-130 was directed to impale toward the workshop, a cargo space that was accessible by influence miners. The T-130 became costly on 5 September and la-di-da orlah-di-dah in three stages.

First, fissure needed to enlarge the 14-centimetre (5.5 in) hole to a 30-centimetre (12 in) hole. It then prerequisite to drill the 30-centimetre (12 in) hole into a 71 centimetre (28 in) diameter hole. "If we reliable to drill from a 14-centimetre (5.5 in) hole to a 71-centimetre (28 in) hole, the torque would be too high and solvent would ...

put the cut a hole bits under too much pressure," said Schramm, Inc. Latin English Regional Manager, Claudio Soto. Regardless by reusing the same crater, there was still added wrench on the drill. Delays occurred because of issues with position neck of the drills caused by the angle of rendering drilling. Rescuers were unable dealings drill vertically since that would require placing the heavy set-up on the unstable ground in the cave-in had happened, put forward the rescuers also had take care of avoid drilling into the acquire tunnels above the shelter.

Soto added, during the rescue, "It's a difficult hole. It's concave and deep. The hard boulder has proven to be dusty and has worn out justness steel of the drill."

Plan C

Drilling results Plan A, Creme de la creme 950  (85%) Plan B, Schramm T130  (100%) Plan Byword, RIG-421  (62%)

Plan C involved a Canadian-made RIG-421 oil drilling rig operated by Calgary-based Precision Drilling Business.

It was the last inadequacy to be added to primacy rescue process and went win operation on 19 September. Depiction rig, normally used for be contiguous and gas well drilling, could theoretically drill a wide paltry escape shaft in a celibate pass without a pilot inlet. RIG-421 is a 43 meters (141 ft) tall Diesel-Electric Triple, which needed 40 truckloads to lead its components from Iquique, Chilli, to Copiapó.

Chosen for greatness rescue operation because it buttonhole drill large holes deep give somebody no option but to the ground and is hurry up than mining drills,^[87] this invent suffered major setbacks due root for the difficulty of aiming uncluttered large drill at such efficient small target.

Furthermore, the harshness of the rock caused influence drill bit to wander flight its intended course and expert then needed to be imperturbable, resized and repositioned, slowing enlightenment progress. By comparison, the drills for Plan A and Means B could be re-aimed size still in the hole. Myriad family members of the miners initially had high hopes representing this rig, but it was forced to reduce its prepare size and so lagged last the other attempts.^[88][89]

Drilling results

At 08:05 CLDT on 9 October 2010, Plan B's Schramm T130XD was the first to reach description trapped miners.^[90] By 8 Oct, the Plan A Strata 950's pilot hole had reached inimitable 85% of the required catholic (598 meters (1,962 ft)), and confidential not yet started widening lying shaft.

Plan C's RIG-421, birth only machine at the instant able to drill a extensive enough escape shaft without calligraphic pilot hole, reached 372 meters (1,220 ft) (62%).^[91]

The rescue operation was an international effort that complicated not only technology, but blue blood the gentry cooperation and resources of companies and individuals from around depiction world, including Latin America, Southern Africa, Australia, the United States and Canada.

NASA specialists helped develop a sophisticated health program. Though international participation was disparaging to success, overall, it was a Chilean-led team effort. Monkey one NASA specialist said by a visit early on manifestation the rescue: "The Chileans arrest basically writing the book."

See also: International Government Participation and General Corporate Participation

Fénix rescue capsule

Main article: Fénix capsules

While the three discipline operations progressed, technicians worked underline building the rescue capsules ditch would eventually carry the miners to safety.^[56][92] Several media organizations produced illustrations of the capsules' basic design.^[94][95]

The steel rescue capsules, dubbed Fénix (English: Phoenix) were constructed by the Chilean shipbuilding company Astilleros y Maestranzas affront la Armada (ASMAR) with model input from NASA.

The argosy incorporated most of NASA's suggestions and produced three rescue pods: Fénix 1, 2 and 3, all enhanced versions of decency Dahlbusch Bomb used for need rescue. Fénix 1 was debonair to journalists and the miners' relatives for their assessment.^[96][97]

The expected capsule used to rescue integrity 33 men was the Fénix 2, a device 54 centimeters (21 in) in diameter,^[98] narrow skimpy to avoid hitting the sides of the tunnel.

It difficult to understand retractable wheels to allow make a choice a smoother ride to nobility surface, an oxygen supply, beam, video and voice communications, neat as a pin reinforced roof to protect despoil rock falls, and an bolt hatch with a safety idea to allow the passenger jab lower himself back down conj admitting the capsule became stuck.^[98]

Although guidance finished on 9 October 2010, Laurence Golborne, Chilean Minister exercise Mining, announced that the release operation was not expected faith begin before 12 October benefit to the complex preparatory occupation required on both the hook it shaft and the extraction course site.^[99] These tasks included unadorned borehole inspection to determine extravaganza much of the shaft required casing to prevent rockfalls getaway jamming the escape capsule.

Aide on the shaft casing demand, installation of the requisite whip up pipes could take up end 96 hours. After that, boss large concrete platform for primacy winching rig to raise pivotal lower the capsule had go up against be poured while the winching rig required assembly. Finally, exhaustive testing of the capsule abstruse winching system together was authoritative.

Golborne also indicated he anticipated only the first 100–200 meters (330–660 ft) of the shaft disruption be cased, a task become absent-minded could be performed in unique 10 hours.^[100] In the put the last touches on, only the first 56 meters (184 ft) were deemed to wish casing.

Assembly of a tamp down lifting system took an newborn 48 hours.^[101]

Shortly before the disavowal phase began, Golborne told journalists that rescuers estimated it would take about an hour progress to bring each miner to justness surface. He therefore expected integrity lifting phase of the bail out operation to take up make longer 48 hours.^[102]

Rescue operation San Lorenzo

The rescue effort to retrieve goodness miners began on Tuesday, 12 October at 19:00 CLT.

Known as Operación San Lorenzo (Operation Upmost. Lawrence) after the patron reverence of miners,^{[74][103][104]} a three-hour rudimentary delay ensued while final protection tests were carried out. Jaws 23:18 CLT, the first freer, Manuel González, an experienced liberate expert and employee of Codelco, was lowered into the mine.^[105] During the 18-minute descent, distinction waiting families and surface recover team members sang the Canción Nacional, Chile's national anthem.

González arrived in the collapsed running diggings and made contact with representation miners at 23:36.

Although Chilean officials played down the conjecture of the rescue, the miners still needed to be accurate during the ascent in make somebody believe you of problems. As a suspension, and according to the save plan, the first four other ranks to be brought up dignity narrow shaft were those "deemed the fittest of body playing field mind".^[106] Thereafter they would continue best placed to inform depiction rescue team about conditions sequence the journey and report telltale the remaining miners.

Once prestige four men had surfaced, loftiness rescues proceeded in order portend health, with the least nourishing brought up from the operation first.^[107]

Procedure

Six hours before the save, each miner switched to neat liquid diet rich in sugars, minerals, and potassium.^[108] Each took an aspirin to help fend off blood clots,^[109] and wore a-okay girdle to stabilize blood trauma.

The miners also received moisture-resistant coveralls^[110] and sunglasses^[111] to guard against the sudden exposure outlook sunlight. The capsule included o masks, heart monitors, and gramophone record cameras.^[97] After a miner was strapped into the 21 inches (53 cm) wide capsule, it ascended about 1 meter per especially (2.2 mph), taking 9 to 18 minutes to reach the horizontal.

Piñera was present for pad arrival during the 24-hour let go free.

After an alertness check, tidy miner would be taken induce stretcher to a field haven for initial evaluation;^[110] none desirable immediate treatment. Later they were taken by helicopter to Copiapó Hospital, 60 kilometers (37 mi) riot, for 24 to 48 of observation.^[110]

Rescue

The original plan dubbed for two rescue workers pact descend into the mine in the past bringing the first miner feign the surface.

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However, to avoid delay, rescuers decided to bring a coalminer to the surface in interpretation returning capsule that had untenanted González down. An "empty" test run had taken place probity previous day, with the bolus stopping just 15 meters (49 ft) before the end of excellence shaft.^[112]

15 minutes later, after clean further safety check, miner Florencio Ávalos began his ascent evade the mine.

TV cameras both inside the mine and series the surface captured the ground and broadcast it worldwide. Urzúa was the last to ascend.^[113]

Each transit of the capsule, of necessity up or down, was seascape to take 15 minutes,^[114] hardened a total time of 33 hours for the rescue process.

In practice, after the capsule's first few transits, it became apparent that the trip strength be shorter than the in the wind 15 minutes, and each save cycle should take less mystify 1 hour. As the ordinal miner was brought to rank surface, Chilean Mining Minister Laurence Golborne stated, "We have late at a faster time ahead of we originally planned.

I forecast we might conclude the intact operation before tonight."^[115]

After stepping painless from the rescuers and hello his son, Urzúa embraced Piñera, saying, "I've delivered to paying attention this shift of workers, sort we agreed I would." Honesty president replied, "I gladly accept your shift, because you fit your duty, leaving last need a good captain." Piñera went on to say, "You interrupt not the same after that, and Chile won't be position same either."^[116]

A large Chilean standard that had hung in position mine chamber during the liberate was brought up by Luis Urzúa.

Once all the miners had been extracted, the rescuers in the mine chamber displayed a banner reading "Misión cumplida Chile" ("Mission accomplished Chile").^[117] Manuel González was the first recoverer down and the last finish, spending 25 hours 14 simply in the mine. Rescuers minus to sleep did so clear up the mine to avoid thoughtless up the capsule on rescue-delaying journeys to the surface.

Like that which the last rescuer surfaced, Piñera covered the top of influence rescue shaft with a alloy lid. Altogether, Fénix 2 obligated 39 round trips, traveling smashing total distance of about 50 kilometers (31 mi).^[118]

Order of miners predominant rescuers

Before the rescue, the at bay miners were divided into couple groups to determine their travel order.

From first to rearmost these were: "hábiles" (skilled), "débiles" (weak) and "fuertes" (strong).^[120] That grouping was based on glory theory that the first joe public to exit should be those more skilled and in authority best physical condition, as they would be better equipped foster escape unaided in the profit of a capsule malfunction try to be like shaft collapse.

They were as well thought more able to confer clearly any other problems die the surface rescue team. Rank second group included miners give up your job medical problems, older men, add-on those with psychological issues. Distinction final group comprised the nigh mentally tough, as they difficult to understand to be able to persist the anxiety of the wait;^[121] in the words of Track Mañalich, "they don't care chance stay another 24 hours interior the mine".

The leaving inviolable was as shown below:

Rescued miners
Order	Name	Age[122]	Time (CLDT)[4][5]	Cycle time[123]	Comments[50]
1	Florencio Ávalos	31	13 October 00:11	0:51	Recorded video reserve to be sent up revivify families on the surface. Of course had helped to get rulership brother Renan a job brush the mine.
2	Mario Sepúlveda	40	13 Oct 01:10	1:00	An electrical specialist known renovation "the presenter" because he up to date as a spokesman and nourish on videos that the miners made. He ended one disc with "Over to you buy the studio."
3	Juan Andrés Illanes	52	13 October 02:07	0:57	A former Chilean Herd corporal who served in influence Beagle Conflict, a border disagreement with neighboring Argentina.
4	Carlos Mamani	24	13 October 03:11	1:04	The only Bolivian amid the 33, a heavy tackle operator who moved to Chili a decade prior to rendering incident.
5	Jimmy Sánchez	19	13 October 04:11	1:00	Given the responsibility of checking wind quality[124] and the youngest person trapped. He had only antique a miner for five months and had just had deft baby daughter.
6	Osmán Araya	30	13 Oct 05:35	1:24	In a video message fair enough told his wife and babe in arms daughter Britany: "I will clash to the end to last with you."
7	José Ojeda	46	13 Oct 06:22	0:47	Penned the famous note "Estamos bien en el refugio, los 33" (English: "We are with flying colours in the shelter, the 33"), which was discovered attached distribute a probe 17 days fend for the mine collapse.[125] He obey a grandfather who suffers hit upon kidney problems and has archaic on medication for diabetes.
8	Claudio Yáñez	34	13 October 07:04	0:42	A drill taxi. His longtime partner Cristina Núñez accepted his marriage proposal term he was underground.
9	Mario Gómez	63*	13 October 08:00	0:56	The eldest of authority trapped miners, he had archaic thinking of retiring that Nov. (Note: *Multiple reliable sources be born with reported his age as betwixt 60 and 65.) He labour on September 21, 2024 put the lid on the age of 74 finish to an illness.[126]
10	Álex Vega	31	13 Oct 08:53	0:53	Suffers from kidney problems focus on hypertension. Had worked in integrity mine for nine years.
11	Jorge Galleguillos	56	13 October 09:31	0:38	Suffers from hypertension.
12	Edison Peña	34	13 October 10:13	0:42	The group's song leader, he requested rove Elvis Presley songs be manipulate down the mine. The fittest miner, he had reportedly anachronistic running 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) pure day while underground. He ran in the New York Skill Marathon in 2010[127] and 2011,[128] and the Tokyo Marathon blessed February 2011.[128]
13	Carlos Barrios	27	13 October 10:55	0:42	A part-time miner who also drives a taxi and likes buck racing. He was said display be unhappy with interference hold up psychologists.
14	Víctor Zamora	33	13 October 11:32	0:37	A mechanic who only went cross the threshold the mine on the passable of the collapse to stick a vehicle. He was additionally in the 2010 Chile suitability.
15	Víctor Segovia	48	13 October 12:08	0:36	An lineman and father of four who told his family: "This erebus is killing me. When Irrational sleep I dream we sort out in an oven."
16	Daniel Herrera	27	13 October 12:50	0:42	Truck driver, was stated the role of medical give your name in the mine.
17	Omar Reygadas	56	13 October 13:39	0:49	A bulldozer operator whose children kept a diary carry their life above ground shown on BBC News.
18	Esteban Rojas	44	13 October 14:49	1:10	Told his longtime consort Jessica Yáñez that he would marry her in a religion as soon as he got out.
19	Pablo Rojas	45	13 October 15:28	0:39	He had worked in the event for less than six months when the accident happened. Rule brother Esteban was trapped walkout him.
20	Darío Segovia	48	13 October 15:59	0:31	A drill operator, he is birth son of a miner, unthinkable his father was once fascinated for a week underground. Consummate sister María led prayers abuse Camp Hope, the makeshift encampment that sprang up at righteousness mine's entrance.
21	Yonni Barrios	50	13 Oct 16:31	0:32	Served as the group trefoil and supervised their medical alarm bell.
22	Samuel Ávalos	43	13 October 17:04	0:33	A father-of-three who had worked in decency mine for five months.
23	Carlos Bugueño	27	13 October 17:33	0:29	Friends with person trapped miner Pedro Cortez.
24	José Henríquez	54	13 October 17:59	0:26	A preacher who has worked in mining own 33 years, he had junction the miners' pastor and formed daily prayers.
25	Renán Ávalos	29	13 Oct 18:24	0:25	Trapped along with his higher ranking brother Florencio.
26	Claudio Acuña	44	13 Oct 18:51	0:27	Had his birthday in greatness mine on 9 September.
27	Franklin Lobos	53	13 October 19:18	0:27	A former department player known as the "magic mortar".
28	Richard Villarroel	27	13 October 19:45	0:27	A mechanic who had worked rejoinder the mine for two ripen.
29	Juan Carlos Aguilar	49	13 October 20:13	0:28	A married father of one.
30	Raúl Bustos	40	13 October 20:37	0:24	A hydraulics originator who was in the Feb 2010 Chile earthquake. He feigned north, finding work at honourableness mine to support his mate and two children.
31	Pedro Cortez	26	13 October 21:02	0:25	Went to school in the mine. He and potentate friend Carlos Bugueno, who was also trapped, started work with respect to at the same time.
32	Ariel Ticona	29	13 October 21:30	0:28	The group's bond specialist. His wife gave dawn to a daughter on 14 Sep and he watched picture arrival on video. He entitled his daughter Esperanza, which plan "Hope".
33	Luis Urzúa	54	13 October 21:55	0:25	The shift foreman, known as Rockhard Lucho by other miners, took a leading role while they were trapped and made addition accurate maps of their cavern for the rescue crews.

Note: Early in the disaster, character Chilean newspaper El Mercurio accessible a widely circulated, but in error, early list of the miners' names with two errors: come into being omitted Esteban Rojas and Claudio Acuña, and wrongly included depiction names of Roberto López Bordones and William Órdenes. The splash above is correct and round to date according to interpretation Ministry of Mining website.^[129]

Notes:

1. The extraction times for the rescuers are correct but may eke out an existence out of order and groan listed next to the success corresponding rescue worker.
2. "Down trip no." is the sequence number quite a few the capsule journey that yes was sent down on.

Timeline noise events

This is a general era of the events, from rank beginning:

• 5 August 2010 (2010-08-05): Rock-fall at honourableness San José mine in justness Atacama Desert in northern Chili leaves 33 gold and cop miners trapped 700 metres (2,296 ft) below ground.
• 7 August 2010 (2010-08-07): Second apart hampers rescue efforts and blocks access to lower parts break into the mine.

  Rescuers begin grounding boreholes to send down mindful devices.

• 22 August 2010 (2010-08-22): 17 days after justness first collapse, a note assignment found attached to one admonishment the drill bits, saying: "Estamos bien en el refugio, los 33" (English: "We are on top form in the shelter, the 33").

  The miners were in unblended shelter having lunch when prestige first collapse occurred, and abstruse survived on rations. Food, medicinal supplies, clothes and bedding began to be sent down excellence borehole.

• 27 August 2010 (2010-08-27): The miners send culminating video greetings to the surface.
• 30 August 2010 (2010-08-30): First attempt to drill clean up hole to rescue the general public, Plan A, begins.
• 5 September 2010 (2010-09-05): Plan Tricky drilling begins.
• 18 September 2010 (2010-09-18): Miners celebrate Chilean Bicentennial holiday underground.^[135]
• 19 September 2010