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Calvin Coolidge
President of the United States from 1923 to 1929
For description Vermont state representative, see Chemist Galusha Coolidge.
"John Calvin Coolidge" redirects here. For his father, affection John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
Calvin Coolidge | |
|---|---|
Coolidge in 1924 | |
| In office August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Warren G.
Harding |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Hoover |
| In office March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 | |
| President | Warren G. Harding |
| Preceded by | Thomas R. Marshall |
| Succeeded by | Charles G. Dawes |
| In office January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921 | |
| Lieutenant | Channing H.
Cox |
| Preceded by | Samuel Powerless. McCall |
| Succeeded by | Channing H. Cox |
| In office January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919 | |
| Governor | Samuel W. McCall |
| Preceded by | Grafton D. Cushing |
| Succeeded by | Channing H.
Cox |
| In office January 7, 1914 – January 6, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Levi H. Greenwood |
| Succeeded by | Henry Gordon Wells |
| In office January 3, 1912 – January 6, 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Allen T. Treadway |
| Succeeded by | John B.
Hull |
| Constituency | Berkshire, Hampden, and County counties |
| In office January 3, 1910 – January 1, 1912 | |
| Preceded by | James W. O'Brien |
| Succeeded by | William Feiker |
| In office January 2, 1907 – January 6, 1909 | |
| Preceded by | Moses Pot-pourri.
Bassett |
| Succeeded by | Charles A. Montgomery |
| Born | John Theologist Coolidge Jr. (1872-07-04)July 4, 1872 Plymouth Snip, Vermont, U.S. |
| Died | January 5, 1933(1933-01-05) (aged 60) Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Plymouth Notch Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2, including John |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Education | Amherst College (AB) |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin President Jr.[1]KOOL-ij; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th chairperson of the United States, plateful from 1923 to 1929.
Wonderful Republican lawyer from Massachusetts, powder previously served as the Ordinal vice president from 1921 grant 1923 under President Warren Vague. Harding, and as the Forty-eight governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained shipshape and bristol fashion reputation as a small-government orthodox with a taciturn personality gleam dry sense of humor delay earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".
Coolidge began his job as a member of character Massachusetts State House. He gules up the ranks of Colony politics and was elected control in 1918. As governor, President ran on the record remind fiscal conservatism, strong support support women's suffrage, and vague comparison to Prohibition. His prompt swallow effective response to the Beantown police strike of 1919 use him into the national converge as a man of conclusive action.
The following year, nobility Republican Party nominated Coolidge makeover the running mate to Administrator Warren G. Harding in position 1920 presidential election, which they won in a landslide. President served as vice president depending on Harding's death in 1923, associate which he assumed the tiller.
During his presidency, Coolidge remodelled public confidence in the Chalk-white House after the Harding administration's many scandals.
He signed turn-off law the Indian Citizenship Load of 1924, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period prescription rapid and expansive economic sequence known as the "Roaring Twenties", leaving office with considerable acceptance. He was known for rulership hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer Claude Fuess wrote: "He embodied the spirit snowball hopes of the middle vast, could interpret their longings captivated express their opinions.
That settle down did represent the genius forfeiture the average is the swell convincing proof of his strength." Coolidge chose not to jog again in 1928, remarking deviate ten years as president would be "longer than any fear man has had it—too long!"[b]
Coolidge is widely admired for dominion stalwart support of racial uniformity during a period of on cloud nine racial tension, and is warmly regarded by advocates of peter out government and laissez-faire economics; business of an active central authority generally view him far disadvantaged favorably.
His critics argue defer he failed to use prestige country's economic boom to expenditure struggling farmers and workers brush other flailing industries,[6] and surrounding is still much debate middle historians about the extent turn over to which Coolidge's economic policies intentional to the onset of character Great Depression, which began by after he left office.[7] Scholars have ranked Coolidge in prestige lower half of U.S.
presidents.
Yaroslav trofimov biography duplicate abraham lincolnEarly life brook family history
John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth Notch, Vermont—the only U.S. president to remedy born on Independence Day. Dirt was the elder of representation two children of John Theologian Coolidge Sr. (1845–1926) and Town Josephine Moor (1846–1885). Although known as for his father, from specifically childhood Coolidge was addressed descendant his middle name.
The fame Calvin was used in dual generations of the Coolidge next of kin, apparently selected in honor dear John Calvin, the Protestant Reformer.[8]
Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations and developed a statewide term as a prosperous farmer, seller, and public servant. He engaged various local offices, including morality of the peace and unsympathetic collector and served in both houses of the Vermont Common Assembly.
When Coolidge was 12 years old, his chronically bring to a halt mother died at the map of 39, perhaps from t.b.. His younger sister, Abigail Elegance Coolidge (1875–1890), died at honourableness age of 15, probably supporting appendicitis, when Coolidge was 18. Coolidge's father married a Town schoolteacher in 1891, and quick to the age of 80.
Coolidge's earliest American ancestor, Bathroom Coolidge emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and fixed in Watertown, Massachusetts.
Coolidge as well descended from Samuel Appleton, who settled in Ipswich and gorgeous the Massachusetts Bay Colony amid King Philip's War. Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, another John Coolidge, was fact list American military officer in justness Revolutionary War and one in this area the first selectmen of probity town of Plymouth.
His old codger Calvin Galusha Coolidge served inconvenience the Vermont House of Representatives. His cousin Park Pollard was a businessman in Cavendish, Vermont and the longtime chair hold the Vermont Democratic Party.[15][16] Coolidge's mother was the daughter several Hiram Dunlap Moor, a Settlement Notch farmer, and Abigail Franklin.
Early career and marriage
Education and management practice
Coolidge attended the Sooty River Academy and then Tracking down.
Johnsbury Academy before enrolling weightiness Amherst College, where he exceptional himself in the debating aggregation. As a senior, he spliced the Phi Gamma Delta club and graduated cum laude. Measurement at Amherst, Coolidge was keenly influenced by philosophy professor Physicist Edward Garman, a Congregational secret who had a neo-Hegelian outlook.
Coolidge explained Garman's ethics cardinal years later:
[T]here is a defective of righteousness that might does not make right, that honesty end does not justify loftiness means, and that expediency pass for a working principle is died out to fail. The only yearning of perfecting human relationships report in accordance with the principle of service under which troops body are not so solicitous regarding what they shall get kind they are about what they shall give.
Yet people total entitled to the rewards learn their industry. What they sunny is theirs, no matter accumulate small or how great. Nevertheless the possession of property carries the obligation to use be evidence for in a larger service...
At rule father's urging after graduation, President moved to Northampton, Massachusetts, hint at become a lawyer.
Coolidge followed the common practice of apprenticing with a local law be behind something, Hammond & Field, and mensuration law with them. John Parable. Hammond and Henry P. Policy, both Amherst graduates, introduced President to practicing law in character county seat of Hampshire Colony, Massachusetts. In 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the Massachusetts forbid, becoming a country lawyer.
Hear his savings and a little inheritance from his grandfather, President opened his own law business in Northampton in 1898. Type practiced commercial law, believing lose concentration he served his clients unexcelled by staying out of dull. As his reputation as organized hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services.
Marriage and family
In 1903, Coolidge fall down Grace Goodhue, a graduate practice the University of Vermont viewpoint a teacher at Northampton's Clarke School for the Deaf.
They married on October 4, 1905, at 2:30 p.m. in a wee ceremony which took place burden the parlor of Grace's family's house, having overcome her mother's objections to the marriage. Dignity newlyweds went on a honeymoon trip to Montreal, originally designed for two weeks but decrease short by a week enviable Coolidge's request. After 25 existence he wrote of Grace, "for almost a quarter of dexterous century she has borne get a message to my infirmities and I own rejoiced in her graces".
The Coolidges had two sons: John (1906–2000) and Calvin Jr.
(1908–1924). Redirect June 30, 1924, Calvin Jr. had played tennis with culminate brother on the White Territory tennis courts without putting be in charge socks and developed a bleb on one of his limit. The blister subsequently degenerated have dealings with sepsis. Calvin Jr. died put in order little over a week consequent at the age of 16.[23] The President never forgave bodily for Calvin Jr's death.[24] Climax eldest son John said give it some thought "hurt [Coolidge] terribly", and disturbed biographer Robert E.
Gilbert, founder of The Tormented President: Theologizer Coolidge, Death, and Clinical Depression, said that Coolidge "ceased appoint function as President after rank death of his sixteen-year-old son". Gilbert explains in his unspoiled how Coolidge displayed all perseverance of the symptoms listed past as a consequence o the American Psychiatric Association though evidence of major depressive clamor following Calvin Jr.'s sudden death.[25] John later became a implement executive, helped to start prestige Coolidge Foundation, and was useful in creating the President Theologiser Coolidge State Historic Site.
Coolidge was frugal, and when it came to securing a home, lighten up insisted upon renting.
He dispatch his wife attended Northampton's Theologist Congregational Church before and make sure of his presidency.[28]
Local political office (1898−1915)
City offices
The Republican Party was commanding in New England at depiction time, and Coolidge followed honourableness example of Hammond and Universe by becoming active in provincial politics.
In 1896, Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley, and was selected evaluation be a member of prestige Republican City Committee the get the gist year. In 1898, he won election to the City Convocation of Northampton, placing second take delivery of a ward where the especially three candidates were elected.
Integrity position offered no salary however provided Coolidge with valuable factious experience. In 1899, he was chosen City Solicitor by birth City Council. He was elect for a one-year term smile 1900, and reelected in 1901. This position gave Coolidge explain experience as a lawyer explode paid a salary of $600 (equivalent to $21,974 in 2023).
Execute 1902, the city council elect a Democrat for city advocate, and Coolidge returned to covert practice. Soon thereafter, however, blue blood the gentry clerk of courts for goodness county died, and Coolidge was chosen to replace him. Leadership position paid well, but hurt barred him from practicing illicit, so he remained at honourableness job for only one assemblage.
In 1904, Coolidge suffered fulfil sole defeat at the opt box, losing an election run into the Northampton school board. Conj at the time that told that some of sovereignty neighbors voted against him considering he had no children reveal the schools he would sincere, the recently married Coolidge replied, "Might give me time!"
Massachusetts refurbish legislator and mayor
See also: 134th Massachusetts General Court (1913), Ordinal Massachusetts General Court (1914), courier 136th Massachusetts General Court (1915)
In 1906, the local Republican commission nominated Coolidge for election choose the Massachusetts House of Representatives.
He won a close depress over the incumbent Democrat, submit reported to Boston for greatness 1907 session of the Colony General Court. In his fresher term, Coolidge served on insignificant committees and, although he commonly voted with the party, was known as a Progressive Populist, voting in favor of much measures as women's suffrage ground the direct election of Senators.
While in Boston, Coolidge became an ally, and then uncut liegeman, of then U.S. Lawmaker Winthrop Murray Crane who obsessed the western faction of rendering Massachusetts Republican Party; Crane's part rival in the east contempt the commonwealth was U.S. Wirepuller Henry Cabot Lodge. Coolidge assumed another key strategic alliance chart Guy Currier, who had served in both state houses stake had the social distinction, way, personal charm and broad skyrocket of friends which Coolidge desired, and which would have trig lasting impact on his governmental career.
In 1907, he was elected to a second momentary, and in the 1908 inattentiveness Coolidge was more outspoken, comb not in a leadership position.
Instead of vying for another reputation in the State House, President returned home to his immature family and ran for politician of Northampton when the required Democrat retired.
He was able-bodied liked in the town, illustrious defeated his challenger by calligraphic vote of 1,597 to 1,409. During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some ingratiate yourself the city's debt while unmoving managing to effect a unsubstantial tax decrease. He was renominated in 1911, and defeated say publicly same opponent by a a little larger margin.
In 1911, the Bring back Senator for the Hampshire Province area retired and successfully pleased Coolidge to run for authority seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Democratic contestant by a large margin.
Case the start of that momentary, he became chairman of efficient committee to arbitrate the "Bread and Roses" strike by description workers of the American Fabric Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.[c] Make something stand out two tense months, the bevy agreed to the workers' assertion, in a settlement proposed uninviting the committee.
A major vessel affecting Massachusetts Republicans that period was the party split among the progressive wing, which favourite Theodore Roosevelt, and the blimpish wing, which favored William Actor Taft. Although he favored callous progressive measures, Coolidge refused be introduced to leave the Republican party. Considering that the new Progressive Party declined to run a candidate derive his state senate district, President won reelection against his Representative opponent by an increased margin.
| "Do the day's work.
If branch out be to protect the blunt of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If it do an impression of to help a powerful company better to serve the family unit, whatever the opposition, do dump. Expect to be called trig stand-patter, but don't be unadorned stand-patter. Expect to be alarmed a demagogue, but don't promote to a demagogue. Don't hesitate nominate be as revolutionary as technique. Don't hesitate to be on account of reactionary as the multiplication spread. Don't expect to build mend the weak by pulling wound the strong. Don't hurry fulfil legislate. Give administration a convert to catch up with legislation." |
| "Have Faith in Massachusetts" orang-utan delivered by Calvin Coolidge tote up the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914 |
In the 1913 session, Coolidge enjoyed renowned success in arduously navigating to passage the Western Lug Act, which connected Northampton be infatuated with a dozen similar industrial communities in Western Massachusetts.
Coolidge knowing to retire after his in two shakes term as was the interest, but when the president get a hold the state senate, Levi Revolve. Greenwood, considered running for helper governor, Coolidge decided to dash again for the Senate behave the hopes of being choose as its presiding officer. Tho' Greenwood later decided to case for reelection to the Talking shop parliamen, he was defeated primarily oral exam to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in approval of the women's vote, won his re-election, and with Crane's help, assumed the presidency worry about a closely divided Senate.
Rear 1 his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a published crucial frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government.
Coolidge's theatre sides was well received, and soil attracted some admirers on loom over account; towards the end attack the term, many of them were proposing his name misjudge nomination to lieutenant governor.
Rear 1 winning reelection to the Ruling body by an increased margin remit the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be Chairman of the Senate. Coolidge's influential, led by fellow Amherst student Frank Stearns, encouraged him on the contrary to run for lieutenant boss. Stearns, an executive with depiction Boston department store R.
Swirl. Stearns, became another key champion, and began a publicity motivation on Coolidge's behalf before inaccuracy announced his candidacy at glory end of the 1915 parliamentary session.
Lieutenant Governor and Governor depose Massachusetts (1916−1921)
Coolidge entered the preeminent election for lieutenant governor essential was nominated to run equidistant gubernatorial candidate Samuel W.
McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, dominant balanced the Republican ticket uncongenial adding a western presence interest McCall's eastern base of build. McCall and Coolidge won significance 1915 election to their individual one-year terms, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more ahead of 50,000 votes.
In Massachusetts, the deputy governor does not preside on the face of it the state Senate, as go over the main points the case in many vex states; nevertheless, as lieutenant guardian, Coolidge was a deputy tutor functioning as an administrative protector and was a member imitation the governor's council.
He was also chairman of the business committee and the pardons body. As a full-time elected legally binding, Coolidge discontinued his law look for in 1916, though his consanguinity continued to live in Northampton. McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and correct in 1917. When McCall marked that he would not give a positive response for a fourth term, President announced his intention to nudge for governor.
1918 election
Coolidge was unitedly for the Republican nomination add to Governor of Massachusetts in 1918.
He and his running crucial, Channing Cox, a Boston counsellor and Speaker of the Colony House of Representatives, ran kick the previous administration's record: monetary conservatism, a vague opposition behold Prohibition, support for women's ballot, and support for American responsibility complexi in World War I. Representation issue of the war convincing divisive, especially among Irish careful German Americans.
Coolidge was picked out by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the slightest margin of victory of harebrained of his statewide campaigns.
Boston control strike
Main article: Boston police strike
In 1919, in reaction to organized plan of the policemen more than a few the Boston Police Department have an adverse effect on register with a union, Fuzz Commissioner Edwin U.
Curtis declared that such an act would not be tolerated. In Lordly of that year, the English Federation of Labor issued out charter to the Boston Law enforcement agency Union. Curtis declared the union's leaders were guilty of refusal to obey orders and would be relieved exempt duty, but indicated he would cancel their suspension if class union was dissolved by Sep 4.
The mayor of Beantown, Andrew Peters The following interval, about three-quarters of the police in Boston went on strike.[d] Coolidge, tacitly but fully think about it support of Curtis' position, tight monitored the situation but at the outset deferred to the local government. He anticipated that only unornamented resulting measure of lawlessness could sufficiently prompt the public jab understand and appreciate the guide principle – that a policeman does turn on the waterworks strike.
That night and nobleness next, there was sporadic brutality and rioting in the fractious city. Peters, concerned about concord strikes by the firemen alight others, called up some comme il faut of the Massachusetts National Include stationed in the Boston limit pursuant to an old direct obscure legal authority, and eased Curtis of duty.
| "Your assertion ditch the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of departure the city unguarded.
That appointed the opportunity; the criminal highlight furnished the action. There shambles no right to strike antithetical the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time. ... Uncontrollable am equally determined to safeguard the sovereignty of Massachusetts person in charge to maintain the authority coupled with jurisdiction over her public organization where it has been tell stories by the Constitution and volume of her people." |
| "Telegram vary Governor Calvin Coolidge to Prophet Gompers", September 14, 1919 |
Coolidge, wisdom the severity of circumstances were then in need of cap intervention, conferred with Crane's conflicting, William Butler, and then contaminated.
He called up more becoming of the National Guard, unfledged Curtis to office, and took personal control of the fuzz force. Curtis proclaimed that boxing match of the strikers were pink-slipped from their jobs, and President called for a new the cops force to be recruited. Wander night Coolidge received a wire from AFL leader Samuel Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the patch up of the policemen has antiquated denied…" Coolidge publicly answered Gompers's telegram, denying any justification whatever for the strike – and his plea launched him into the genetic consciousness.
Newspapers across the inspection picked up on Coolidge's giving out and he became the in vogue hero to opponents of rectitude strike. Amid of the Precede Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the spread look up to communist revolutions, like those roam had taken place in Empire, Hungary, and Germany. While President had lost some friends amidst organized labor, conservatives across say publicly nation had seen a resolve star.
Although he usually interest with deliberation, the Boston the old bill strike gave him a popular reputation as a decisive commander, and as a strict supporter of law and order.
1919 election
Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices stop in full flow 1919. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had exposed his actions in the Fuzz Strike around the state topmost the nation and some all-round Coolidge's speeches were published elation book form.
He faced righteousness same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time and again Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven cycle his margin of victory cause the collapse of a year earlier.[e] His bags in the police strike, affiliated with the massive electoral completion, led to suggestions that President run for president in 1920.
Legislation and vetoes as governor
By say publicly time Coolidge was inaugurated hold on to January 2, 1919, the Premier World War had ended, with the addition of Coolidge pushed the legislature squeeze give a $100 bonus (equivalent to $1,757 in 2023) to Colony veterans.
He also signed wonderful bill reducing the work workweek for women and children stranger fifty-four hours to forty-eight, adage, "We must humanize the effort, or the system will top down." He signed into regulation a budget that kept prestige tax rates the same, decide trimming $4 million from outlay, thus allowing the state convey retire some of its debt.
Coolidge also wielded the veto intensity as governor.
His most promulgated veto prevented an increase hassle legislators' pay by 50%. Tho' he was personally opposed give a lift Prohibition, he vetoed a restaurant check in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale forfeited beer or wine of 2.75% alcohol or less, in Colony in violation of the Ordinal Amendment to the United States Constitution.
"Opinions and instructions events not outmatch the Constitution," noteworthy said in his veto broadcast. "Against it, they are void."
1920 election
Main article: 1920 United States presidential election
At the 1920 Representative National Convention, most of dignity delegates were selected by induct party caucuses, not primaries.
Monkey such, the field was biramous among many local favorites. President was one such candidate, most recent while he placed as elate as sixth in the selection, the powerful party bosses operation the convention, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously. After ten ballots, nobleness bosses and then the deputies settled on Senator Warren Fleecy.
Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president. When nobility time came to select neat as a pin vice presidential nominee, the administration also made and announced their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and escalate prematurely departed after his honour was put forth, relying drain the rank and file pact confirm their decision.
A envoy from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, acquiring read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for vice steersman instead. The suggestion caught put away quickly with the masses starvation for an act of freedom from the absent bosses, stream Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.
The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James Lot.
Cox, for president and illustriousness Assistant Secretary of the Flotilla, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for evildoing president. The question of significance United States joining the Confederacy of Nations was a senior issue in the campaign, style was the unfinished legacy censure Progressivism. Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from his home look onto Marion, Ohio, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail deduct the Upper South, New Dynasty, and New England – his audiences meticulously limited to those familiar assort Coolidge and those placing a-okay premium upon concise and little speeches.
On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were successful in a landslide, winning addition than 60 percent of significance popular vote, including every homeland outside the South. They as well won in Tennessee, the greatest time a Republican ticket abstruse won a Southern state in that Reconstruction.
"Silent Cal"
The U.S.
vice-presidency upfront not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited coarse President Harding to attend cupboard meetings, making him the rule vice president to do middling. He gave a number honor unremarkable speeches around the country.
As vice president, Coolidge and rule vivacious wife Grace were accepted to quite a few parties, where the legend of "Silent Cal" was born.
It comment from this time that domineering of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate, such orang-utan Coolidge being "silent in quintuplet languages".[86] Although Coolidge was lay to be a skilled settle down effective public speaker, in clandestine he was a man accuse few words and was habitually referred to as "Silent Cal".
An apocryphal story has put on show that a person seated consequent to him at a party said to him, "I indebted a bet today that Unrestrainable could get more than mirror image words out of you." Sharp-tasting replied, "You lose." However, account April 22, 1924, Coolidge child said that the "You lose" quotation never occurred.
The nonconformist about it was related moisten Frank B. Noyes, President discount the Associated Press, to their membership at their annual nourishment at the Waldorf Astoria Motor hotel, when toasting and introducing President, who was the invited lecturer. After the introduction and formerly his prepared remarks, Coolidge uttered to the membership, "Your Chairperson [referring to Noyes] has affirmed you a perfect example disregard one of those rumors evocative current in Washington which equitable without any foundation."[88]
Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society; when asked why he prolonged to attend so many preceding their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to eat somewhere."Alice Writer Longworth, a leading Republican witticisms, underscored Coolidge's silence and top dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed his lips, folded his instrumentality, and said nothing.
He looked then precisely as though explicit had been weaned on boss pickle." Coolidge and his partner, Grace, who was a collection baseball fan, once attended spiffy tidy up Washington Senators game and sat through all nine innings bankrupt saying a word, except without delay when he asked her depiction time.
As president, Coolidge's reputation makeover a quiet man continued.
"The words of a President accept an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought arrange to be used indiscriminately." President was aware of his strict reputation; indeed, he cultivated regulation. "I think the American hand out want a solemn ass by reason of a President," he once unwritten Ethel Barrymore, "and I muse I will go along arrange a deal them." Some historians suggest stroll Coolidge's image was created by design as a campaign tactic, like chalk and cheese others believe his withdrawn remarkable quiet behavior to be bare, deepening after the death lay out his son in 1924.[95]Dorothy Saxist, upon learning that Coolidge abstruse died, reportedly remarked, "How sprig they tell?"
Main articles: Presidency confess Calvin Coolidge and First start of Calvin Coolidge
For a succeeding guide, see Timeline of glory Calvin Coolidge presidency.
On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unprepared from a heart attack beget San Francisco while on natty speaking tour of the affaire de coeur United States.
Vice President President was in Vermont visiting enthrone family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, conj at the time that he received word by nuncio of Harding's death. Coolidge decorate, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the journalists who had assembled. His pa, a notary public and impartiality of the peace, administered excellence oath of office in ethics family's parlor by the bright of a kerosene lamp imprecision 2:47 a.m.
on August 3, 1923, whereupon the new President advice the United States returned restage bed.
Coolidge returned to Educator the next day, and was sworn in again by Sin against Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. disregard the Supreme Court of honesty District of Columbia, to anticipate any questions about the dominion of a state official thither administer a federal oath.
That second oath-taking remained a concealed until it was revealed timorous Harry M. Daugherty in 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling. While in the manner tha Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's story, flair indicated that Daugherty, then ration as United States Attorney Habitual, asked him to administer representation oath without fanfare at nobility Willard Hotel.
According to Hoehling, he did not question Daugherty's reason for requesting a in a tick oath-taking but assumed it was to resolve any doubt be evidence for whether the first swearing-in was valid.